Overview ▹

Overview ▾

Package datastore provides a client for App Engine's datastore service.

Basic Operations

Entities are the unit of storage and are associated with a key. A key consists of an optional parent key, a string application ID, a string kind (also known as an entity type), and either a StringID or an IntID. A StringID is also known as an entity name or key name.

It is valid to create a key with a zero StringID and a zero IntID; this is called an incomplete key, and does not refer to any saved entity. Putting an entity into the datastore under an incomplete key will cause a unique key to be generated for that entity, with a non-zero IntID.

An entity's contents are a mapping from case-sensitive field names to values. Valid value types are:

- signed integers (int, int8, int16, int32 and int64),
- bool,
- string,
- float32 and float64,
- []byte (up to 1 megabyte in length),
- any type whose underlying type is one of the above predeclared types,
- ByteString,
- *Key,
- time.Time (stored with microsecond precision),
- appengine.BlobKey,
- appengine.GeoPoint,
- structs whose fields are all valid value types,
- slices of any of the above.

Slices of structs are valid, as are structs that contain slices. However, if one struct contains another, then at most one of those can be repeated. This disqualifies recursively defined struct types: any struct T that (directly or indirectly) contains a []T.

The Get and Put functions load and save an entity's contents. An entity's contents are typically represented by a struct pointer.

Example code:

type Entity struct {
	Value string
}

func handle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	ctx := appengine.NewContext(r)

	k := datastore.NewKey(ctx, "Entity", "stringID", 0, nil)
	e := new(Entity)
	if err := datastore.Get(ctx, k, e); err != nil {
		http.Error(w, err.Error(), 500)
		return
	}

	old := e.Value
	e.Value = r.URL.Path

	if _, err := datastore.Put(ctx, k, e); err != nil {
		http.Error(w, err.Error(), 500)
		return
	}

	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "old=%q\nnew=%q\n", old, e.Value)
}

GetMulti, PutMulti and DeleteMulti are batch versions of the Get, Put and Delete functions. They take a []*Key instead of a *Key, and may return an appengine.MultiError when encountering partial failure.

Properties

An entity's contents can be represented by a variety of types. These are typically struct pointers, but can also be any type that implements the PropertyLoadSaver interface. If using a struct pointer, you do not have to explicitly implement the PropertyLoadSaver interface; the datastore will automatically convert via reflection. If a struct pointer does implement that interface then those methods will be used in preference to the default behavior for struct pointers. Struct pointers are more strongly typed and are easier to use; PropertyLoadSavers are more flexible.

The actual types passed do not have to match between Get and Put calls or even across different calls to datastore. It is valid to put a *PropertyList and get that same entity as a *myStruct, or put a *myStruct0 and get a *myStruct1. Conceptually, any entity is saved as a sequence of properties, and is loaded into the destination value on a property-by-property basis. When loading into a struct pointer, an entity that cannot be completely represented (such as a missing field) will result in an ErrFieldMismatch error but it is up to the caller whether this error is fatal, recoverable or ignorable.

By default, for struct pointers, all properties are potentially indexed, and the property name is the same as the field name (and hence must start with an upper case letter).

Fields may have a `datastore:"name,options"` tag. The tag name is the property name, which must be one or more valid Go identifiers joined by ".", but may start with a lower case letter. An empty tag name means to just use the field name. A "-" tag name means that the datastore will ignore that field.

The only valid options are "omitempty" and "noindex".

If the options include "omitempty" and the value of the field is empty, then the field will be omitted on Save. The empty values are false, 0, any nil interface value, and any array, slice, map, or string of length zero. Struct field values will never be empty.

If options include "noindex" then the field will not be indexed. All fields are indexed by default. Strings or byte slices longer than 1500 bytes cannot be indexed; fields used to store long strings and byte slices must be tagged with "noindex" or they will cause Put operations to fail.

To use multiple options together, separate them by a comma. The order does not matter.

If the options is "" then the comma may be omitted.

Example code:

// A and B are renamed to a and b.
// A, C and J are not indexed.
// D's tag is equivalent to having no tag at all (E).
// I is ignored entirely by the datastore.
// J has tag information for both the datastore and json packages.
type TaggedStruct struct {
	A int `datastore:"a,noindex"`
	B int `datastore:"b"`
	C int `datastore:",noindex"`
	D int `datastore:""`
	E int
	I int `datastore:"-"`
	J int `datastore:",noindex" json:"j"`
}

Structured Properties

If the struct pointed to contains other structs, then the nested or embedded structs are flattened. For example, given these definitions:

type Inner1 struct {
	W int32
	X string
}

type Inner2 struct {
	Y float64
}

type Inner3 struct {
	Z bool
}

type Outer struct {
	A int16
	I []Inner1
	J Inner2
	Inner3
}

then an Outer's properties would be equivalent to those of:

type OuterEquivalent struct {
	A     int16
	IDotW []int32  `datastore:"I.W"`
	IDotX []string `datastore:"I.X"`
	JDotY float64  `datastore:"J.Y"`
	Z     bool
}

If Outer's embedded Inner3 field was tagged as `datastore:"Foo"` then the equivalent field would instead be: FooDotZ bool `datastore:"Foo.Z"`.

If an outer struct is tagged "noindex" then all of its implicit flattened fields are effectively "noindex".

The PropertyLoadSaver Interface

An entity's contents can also be represented by any type that implements the PropertyLoadSaver interface. This type may be a struct pointer, but it does not have to be. The datastore package will call Load when getting the entity's contents, and Save when putting the entity's contents. Possible uses include deriving non-stored fields, verifying fields, or indexing a field only if its value is positive.

Example code:

type CustomPropsExample struct {
	I, J int
	// Sum is not stored, but should always be equal to I + J.
	Sum int `datastore:"-"`
}

func (x *CustomPropsExample) Load(ps []datastore.Property) error {
	// Load I and J as usual.
	if err := datastore.LoadStruct(x, ps); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	// Derive the Sum field.
	x.Sum = x.I + x.J
	return nil
}

func (x *CustomPropsExample) Save() ([]datastore.Property, error) {
	// Validate the Sum field.
	if x.Sum != x.I + x.J {
		return nil, errors.New("CustomPropsExample has inconsistent sum")
	}
	// Save I and J as usual. The code below is equivalent to calling
	// "return datastore.SaveStruct(x)", but is done manually for
	// demonstration purposes.
	return []datastore.Property{
		{
			Name:  "I",
			Value: int64(x.I),
		},
		{
			Name:  "J",
			Value: int64(x.J),
		},
	}, nil
}

The *PropertyList type implements PropertyLoadSaver, and can therefore hold an arbitrary entity's contents.

Queries

Queries retrieve entities based on their properties or key's ancestry. Running a query yields an iterator of results: either keys or (key, entity) pairs. Queries are re-usable and it is safe to call Query.Run from concurrent goroutines. Iterators are not safe for concurrent use.

Queries are immutable, and are either created by calling NewQuery, or derived from an existing query by calling a method like Filter or Order that returns a new query value. A query is typically constructed by calling NewQuery followed by a chain of zero or more such methods. These methods are:

- Ancestor and Filter constrain the entities returned by running a query.
- Order affects the order in which they are returned.
- Project constrains the fields returned.
- Distinct de-duplicates projected entities.
- KeysOnly makes the iterator return only keys, not (key, entity) pairs.
- Start, End, Offset and Limit define which sub-sequence of matching entities
  to return. Start and End take cursors, Offset and Limit take integers. Start
  and Offset affect the first result, End and Limit affect the last result.
  If both Start and Offset are set, then the offset is relative to Start.
  If both End and Limit are set, then the earliest constraint wins. Limit is
  relative to Start+Offset, not relative to End. As a special case, a
  negative limit means unlimited.

Example code:

type Widget struct {
	Description string
	Price       int
}

func handle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	ctx := appengine.NewContext(r)
	q := datastore.NewQuery("Widget").
		Filter("Price <", 1000).
		Order("-Price")
	b := new(bytes.Buffer)
	for t := q.Run(ctx); ; {
		var x Widget
		key, err := t.Next(&x)
		if err == datastore.Done {
			break
		}
		if err != nil {
			serveError(ctx, w, err)
			return
		}
		fmt.Fprintf(b, "Key=%v\nWidget=%#v\n\n", key, x)
	}
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
	io.Copy(w, b)
}

Transactions

RunInTransaction runs a function in a transaction.

Example code:

type Counter struct {
	Count int
}

func inc(ctx context.Context, key *datastore.Key) (int, error) {
	var x Counter
	if err := datastore.Get(ctx, key, &x); err != nil && err != datastore.ErrNoSuchEntity {
		return 0, err
	}
	x.Count++
	if _, err := datastore.Put(ctx, key, &x); err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}
	return x.Count, nil
}

func handle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	ctx := appengine.NewContext(r)
	var count int
	err := datastore.RunInTransaction(ctx, func(ctx context.Context) error {
		var err1 error
		count, err1 = inc(ctx, datastore.NewKey(ctx, "Counter", "singleton", 0, nil))
		return err1
	}, nil)
	if err != nil {
		serveError(ctx, w, err)
		return
	}
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Count=%d", count)
}

Metadata

The datastore package provides access to some of App Engine's datastore metadata. This metadata includes information about the entity groups, namespaces, entity kinds, and properties in the datastore, as well as the property representations for each property.

Example code:

func handle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	// Print all the kinds in the datastore, with all the indexed
	// properties (and their representations) for each.
	ctx := appengine.NewContext(r)

	kinds, err := datastore.Kinds(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		serveError(ctx, w, err)
		return
	}

	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
	for _, kind := range kinds {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s:\n", kind)
		props, err := datastore.KindProperties(ctx, kind)
		if err != nil {
			fmt.Fprintln(w, "\t(unable to retrieve properties)")
			continue
		}
		for p, rep := range props {
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "\t-%s (%s)\n", p, strings.Join(rep, ", "))
		}
	}
}

Package datastore

Overview ▹

Overview ▾

Basic Operations

Properties

Structured Properties

The PropertyLoadSaver Interface

Queries

Transactions

Metadata

Index ▹

Index ▾

Package files

Internal call graph ▹

Internal call graph ▾

Variables

func AllocateIDs ¶

func Delete ¶

func DeleteMulti ¶

func Get ¶

func GetMulti ¶

func KindProperties ¶

func Kinds ¶

func LoadStruct ¶

func Namespaces ¶

func PutMulti ¶

func RunInTransaction ¶

func SaveStruct ¶

type ByteString ¶

type Cursor ¶

func DecodeCursor ¶

func (Cursor) String ¶

type Entity ¶

type ErrFieldMismatch ¶

func (*ErrFieldMismatch) Error ¶

type Iterator ¶

func (*Iterator) Cursor ¶

func (*Iterator) Next ¶

type Key ¶

func DecodeKey ¶

func NewIncompleteKey ¶

func NewKey ¶

func Put ¶

func (*Key) AppID ¶

func (*Key) Encode ¶

func (*Key) Equal ¶

func (*Key) GobDecode ¶

func (*Key) GobEncode ¶

func (*Key) Incomplete ¶

func (*Key) IntID ¶

func (*Key) Kind ¶

func (*Key) MarshalJSON ¶

func (*Key) Namespace ¶

func (*Key) Parent ¶

func (*Key) String ¶

func (*Key) StringID ¶

func (*Key) UnmarshalJSON ¶

type Property ¶

type PropertyList ¶

func (*PropertyList) Load ¶

func (*PropertyList) Save ¶

type PropertyLoadSaver ¶

type Query ¶

func NewQuery ¶

func (*Query) Ancestor ¶

func (*Query) Count ¶

func (*Query) Distinct ¶

func (*Query) End ¶

func (*Query) EventualConsistency ¶

func (*Query) Filter ¶

func (*Query) GetAll ¶

func (*Query) KeysOnly ¶

func (*Query) Limit ¶

func (*Query) Offset ¶

func (*Query) Order ¶

func (*Query) Project ¶

func (*Query) Run ¶

func (*Query) Start ¶

type TransactionOptions ¶