The functions in this chapter interact with Python objects regardless of their type, or with wide classes of object types (e.g. all numerical types, or all sequence types). When used on object types for which they do not apply, they will raise a Python exception.

It is not possible to use these functions on objects that are not properly initialized, such as a list object that has been created by PyList_New(), but whose items have not been set to some non-NULL value yet.

• Object Protocol
• Number Protocol
• Sequence Protocol
• Mapping Protocol
• Iterator Protocol
• Buffer Protocol
  • Buffer structure
  • Buffer request types
    • request-independent fields
    • readonly, format
    • shape, strides, suboffsets
    • contiguity requests
    • compound requests
  • Complex arrays
    • NumPy-style: shape and strides
    • PIL-style: shape, strides and suboffsets
  • Buffer-related functions
• Old Buffer Protocol