Product Documentation

ActivePython User Guide

• Installation Guide
• What's Included
• Release Notes
• Getting Started
• FAQ

What's New

• What's new in Python 2.5?
  • Contents
  • 1 PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
  • 2 PEP 309: Partial Function Application
  • 3 PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
  • 4 PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
  • 5 PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
  • 6 PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
  • 7 PEP 342: New Generator Features
  • 8 PEP 343: The 'with' statement
    • 8.1 Writing Context Managers
    • 8.2 The contextlib module
  • 9 PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
  • 10 PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
  • 11 PEP 357: The '__index__' method
  • 12 Other Language Changes
    • 12.1 Interactive Interpreter Changes
    • 12.2 Optimizations
  • 13 New, Improved, and Removed Modules
    • 13.1 The ctypes package
    • 13.2 The ElementTree package
    • 13.3 The hashlib package
    • 13.4 The sqlite3 package
    • 13.5 The wsgiref package
  • 14 Build and C API Changes
    • 14.1 Port-Specific Changes
  • 15 Porting to Python 2.5
  • 16 Acknowledgements
  • About this document ...
• What's new in Python 2.4?
  • Contents
  • 1 PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects
  • 2 PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
  • 3 PEP 289: Generator Expressions
  • 4 PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
  • 5 PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
  • 6 PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
  • 7 PEP 324: New subprocess Module
  • 8 PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
    • 8.1 Why is Decimal needed?
    • 8.2 The Decimal type
    • 8.3 The Context type
  • 9 PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
  • 10 PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
  • 11 Other Language Changes
    • 11.1 Optimizations
  • 12 New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
    • 12.1 cookielib
    • 12.2 doctest
  • 13 Build and C API Changes
    • 13.1 Port-Specific Changes
  • 14 Porting to Python 2.4
  • 15 Acknowledgements
  • About this document ...
• What's new in Python 2.3?
  • Contents
  • 1 PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype
  • 2 PEP 255: Simple Generators
  • 3 PEP 263: Source Code Encodings
  • 4 PEP 273: Importing Modules from Zip Archives
  • 5 PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT
  • 6 PEP 278: Universal Newline Support
  • 7 PEP 279: enumerate()
  • 8 PEP 282: The logging Package
  • 9 PEP 285: A Boolean Type
  • 10 PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks
  • 11 PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
  • 12 PEP 302: New Import Hooks
  • 13 PEP 305: Comma-separated Files
  • 14 PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements
  • 15 Extended Slices
  • 16 Other Language Changes
    • 16.1 String Changes
    • 16.2 Optimizations
  • 17 New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
    • 17.1 Date/Time Type
    • 17.2 The optparse Module
  • 18 Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator
  • 19 Build and C API Changes
    • 19.1 Port-Specific Changes
  • 20 Other Changes and Fixes
  • 21 Porting to Python 2.3
  • 22 Acknowledgements
  • About this document ...
• What's new in Python 2.2?
• What's new in Python 2.1?
• What's new in Python 2.0?
• The NEWS file
• The HISTORY file

Python Documentation

• Tutorial
  • Front Matter
  • Contents
  • 1. Whetting Your Appetite
  • 2. Using the Python Interpreter
    • 2.1 Invoking the Interpreter
      • 2.1.1 Argument Passing
      • 2.1.2 Interactive Mode
    • 2.2 The Interpreter and Its Environment
      • 2.2.1 Error Handling
      • 2.2.2 Executable Python Scripts
      • 2.2.3 Source Code Encoding
      • 2.2.4 The Interactive Startup File
  • 3. An Informal Introduction to Python
    • 3.1 Using Python as a Calculator
      • 3.1.1 Numbers
      • 3.1.2 Strings
      • 3.1.3 Unicode Strings
      • 3.1.4 Lists
    • 3.2 First Steps Towards Programming
  • 4. More Control Flow Tools
    • 4.1 if Statements
    • 4.2 for Statements
    • 4.3 The range() Function
    • 4.4 break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops
    • 4.5 pass Statements
    • 4.6 Defining Functions
    • 4.7 More on Defining Functions
      • 4.7.1 Default Argument Values
      • 4.7.2 Keyword Arguments
      • 4.7.3 Arbitrary Argument Lists
      • 4.7.4 Unpacking Argument Lists
      • 4.7.5 Lambda Forms
      • 4.7.6 Documentation Strings
  • 5. Data Structures
    • 5.1 More on Lists
      • 5.1.1 Using Lists as Stacks
      • 5.1.2 Using Lists as Queues
      • 5.1.3 Functional Programming Tools
      • 5.1.4 List Comprehensions
    • 5.2 The del statement
    • 5.3 Tuples and Sequences
    • 5.4 Sets
    • 5.5 Dictionaries
    • 5.6 Looping Techniques
    • 5.7 More on Conditions
    • 5.8 Comparing Sequences and Other Types
  • 6. Modules
    • 6.1 More on Modules
      • 6.1.1 Executing modules as scripts
      • 6.1.2 The Module Search Path
      • 6.1.3 ``Compiled'' Python files
    • 6.2 Standard Modules
    • 6.3 The dir() Function
    • 6.4 Packages
      • 6.4.1 Importing * From a Package
      • 6.4.2 Intra-package References
      • 6.4.3 Packages in Multiple Directories
  • 7. Input and Output
    • 7.1 Fancier Output Formatting
    • 7.2 Reading and Writing Files
      • 7.2.1 Methods of File Objects
      • 7.2.2 The pickle Module
  • 8. Errors and Exceptions
    • 8.1 Syntax Errors
    • 8.2 Exceptions
    • 8.3 Handling Exceptions
    • 8.4 Raising Exceptions
    • 8.5 User-defined Exceptions
    • 8.6 Defining Clean-up Actions
    • 8.7 Predefined Clean-up Actions
  • 9. Classes
    • 9.1 A Word About Terminology
    • 9.2 Python Scopes and Name Spaces
    • 9.3 A First Look at Classes
      • 9.3.1 Class Definition Syntax
      • 9.3.2 Class Objects
      • 9.3.3 Instance Objects
      • 9.3.4 Method Objects
    • 9.4 Random Remarks
    • 9.5 Inheritance
      • 9.5.1 Multiple Inheritance
    • 9.6 Private Variables
    • 9.7 Odds and Ends
    • 9.8 Exceptions Are Classes Too
    • 9.9 Iterators
    • 9.10 Generators
    • 9.11 Generator Expressions
  • 10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library
    • 10.1 Operating System Interface
    • 10.2 File Wildcards
    • 10.3 Command Line Arguments
    • 10.4 Error Output Redirection and Program Termination
    • 10.5 String Pattern Matching
    • 10.6 Mathematics
    • 10.7 Internet Access
    • 10.8 Dates and Times
    • 10.9 Data Compression
    • 10.10 Performance Measurement
    • 10.11 Quality Control
    • 10.12 Batteries Included
  • 11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library - Part II
    • 11.1 Output Formatting
    • 11.2 Templating
    • 11.3 Working with Binary Data Record Layouts
    • 11.4 Multi-threading
    • 11.5 Logging
    • 11.6 Weak References
    • 11.7 Tools for Working with Lists
    • 11.8 Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic
  • 12. What Now?
  • A. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
    • A.1 Line Editing
    • A.2 History Substitution
    • A.3 Key Bindings
    • A.4 Commentary
  • B. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations
    • B.1 Representation Error
  • C. History and License
    • C.1 History of the software
    • C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
    • C.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
      • C.3.1 Mersenne Twister
      • C.3.2 Sockets
      • C.3.3 Floating point exception control
      • C.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
      • C.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
      • C.3.6 Cookie management
      • C.3.7 Profiling
      • C.3.8 Execution tracing
      • C.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
      • C.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
  • D. Glossary
  • Index
  • About this document ...
• Library Reference
  • Front Matter
  • Contents
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Built-in Objects
    • 2.1 Built-in Functions
    • 2.2 Non-essential Built-in Functions
    • 2.3 Built-in Exceptions
    • 2.4 Built-in Constants
  • 3. Built-in Types
    • 3.1 Truth Value Testing
    • 3.2 Boolean Operations -- and, or, not
    • 3.3 Comparisons
    • 3.4 Numeric Types -- int, float, long, complex
      • 3.4.1 Bit-string Operations on Integer Types
    • 3.5 Iterator Types
    • 3.6 Sequence Types -- str, unicode, list, tuple, buffer, xrange
      • 3.6.1 String Methods
      • 3.6.2 String Formatting Operations
      • 3.6.3 XRange Type
      • 3.6.4 Mutable Sequence Types
    • 3.7 Set Types -- set, frozenset
    • 3.8 Mapping Types -- dict
    • 3.9 File Objects
    • 3.10 Context Manager Types
    • 3.11 Other Built-in Types
      • 3.11.1 Modules
      • 3.11.2 Classes and Class Instances
      • 3.11.3 Functions
      • 3.11.4 Methods
      • 3.11.5 Code Objects
      • 3.11.6 Type Objects
      • 3.11.7 The Null Object
      • 3.11.8 The Ellipsis Object
      • 3.11.9 Boolean Values
      • 3.11.10 Internal Objects
    • 3.12 Special Attributes
  • 4. String Services
    • 4.1 string -- Common string operations
      • 4.1.1 String constants
      • 4.1.2 Template strings
      • 4.1.3 String functions
      • 4.1.4 Deprecated string functions
    • 4.2 re -- Regular expression operations
      • 4.2.1 Regular Expression Syntax
      • 4.2.2 Matching vs Searching
      • 4.2.3 Module Contents
      • 4.2.4 Regular Expression Objects
      • 4.2.5 Match Objects
      • 4.2.6 Examples
    • 4.3 struct -- Interpret strings as packed binary data
      • 4.3.1 Struct Objects
    • 4.4 difflib -- Helpers for computing deltas
      • 4.4.1 SequenceMatcher Objects
      • 4.4.2 SequenceMatcher Examples
      • 4.4.3 Differ Objects
      • 4.4.4 Differ Example
    • 4.5 StringIO -- Read and write strings as files
    • 4.6 cStringIO -- Faster version of StringIO
    • 4.7 textwrap -- Text wrapping and filling
    • 4.8 codecs -- Codec registry and base classes
      • 4.8.1 Codec Base Classes
      • 4.8.2 Encodings and Unicode
      • 4.8.3 Standard Encodings
      • 4.8.4 encodings.idna -- Internationalized Domain Names in Applications
      • 4.8.5 encodings.utf_8_sig -- UTF-8 codec with BOM signature
    • 4.9 unicodedata -- Unicode Database
    • 4.10 stringprep -- Internet String Preparation
    • 4.11 fpformat -- Floating point conversions
  • 5. Data Types
    • 5.1 datetime -- Basic date and time types
      • 5.1.1 Available Types
      • 5.1.2 timedelta Objects
      • 5.1.3 date Objects
      • 5.1.4 datetime Objects
      • 5.1.5 time Objects
      • 5.1.6 tzinfo Objects
      • 5.1.7 strftime() Behavior
    • 5.2 calendar -- General calendar-related functions
    • 5.3 collections -- High-performance container datatypes
      • 5.3.1 deque objects
      • 5.3.2 defaultdict objects
    • 5.4 heapq -- Heap queue algorithm
      • 5.4.1 Theory
    • 5.5 bisect -- Array bisection algorithm
      • 5.5.1 Examples
    • 5.6 array -- Efficient arrays of numeric values
    • 5.7 sets -- Unordered collections of unique elements
      • 5.7.1 Set Objects
      • 5.7.2 Example
      • 5.7.3 Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable
      • 5.7.4 Comparison to the built-in set types
    • 5.8 sched -- Event scheduler
      • 5.8.1 Scheduler Objects
    • 5.9 mutex -- Mutual exclusion support
      • 5.9.1 Mutex Objects
    • 5.10 Queue -- A synchronized queue class
      • 5.10.1 Queue Objects
    • 5.11 weakref -- Weak references
      • 5.11.1 Weak Reference Objects
      • 5.11.2 Example
    • 5.12 UserDict -- Class wrapper for dictionary objects
    • 5.13 UserList -- Class wrapper for list objects
    • 5.14 UserString -- Class wrapper for string objects
    • 5.15 types -- Names for built-in types
    • 5.16 new -- Creation of runtime internal objects
    • 5.17 copy -- Shallow and deep copy operations
    • 5.18 pprint -- Data pretty printer
      • 5.18.1 PrettyPrinter Objects
    • 5.19 repr -- Alternate repr() implementation
      • 5.19.1 Repr Objects
      • 5.19.2 Subclassing Repr Objects
  • 6. Numeric and Mathematical Modules
    • 6.1 math -- Mathematical functions
    • 6.2 cmath -- Mathematical functions for complex numbers
    • 6.3 decimal -- Decimal floating point arithmetic
      • 6.3.1 Quick-start Tutorial
      • 6.3.2 Decimal objects
      • 6.3.3 Context objects
      • 6.3.4 Signals
      • 6.3.5 Floating Point Notes
      • 6.3.6 Working with threads
      • 6.3.7 Recipes
      • 6.3.8 Decimal FAQ
    • 6.4 random -- Generate pseudo-random numbers
    • 6.5 itertools -- Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
      • 6.5.1 Itertool functions
      • 6.5.2 Examples
      • 6.5.3 Recipes
    • 6.6 functools -- Higher order functions and operations on callable objects.
      • 6.6.1 partial Objects
    • 6.7 operator -- Standard operators as functions.
      • 6.7.1 Mapping Operators to Functions
  • 7. Internet Data Handling
    • 7.1 email -- An email and MIME handling package
      • 7.1.1 Representing an email message
      • 7.1.2 Parsing email messages
      • 7.1.3 Generating MIME documents
      • 7.1.4 Creating email and MIME objects from scratch
      • 7.1.5 Internationalized headers
      • 7.1.6 Representing character sets
      • 7.1.7 Encoders
      • 7.1.8 Exception and Defect classes
      • 7.1.9 Miscellaneous utilities
      • 7.1.10 Iterators
      • 7.1.11 Package History
      • 7.1.12 Differences from mimelib
      • 7.1.13 Examples
    • 7.2 mailcap -- Mailcap file handling.
    • 7.3 mailbox -- Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
      • 7.3.1 Mailbox objects
      • 7.3.2 Message objects
      • 7.3.3 Exceptions
      • 7.3.4 Deprecated classes and methods
      • 7.3.5 Examples
    • 7.4 mhlib -- Access to MH mailboxes
      • 7.4.1 MH Objects
      • 7.4.2 Folder Objects
      • 7.4.3 Message Objects
    • 7.5 mimetools -- Tools for parsing MIME messages
      • 7.5.1 Additional Methods of Message Objects
    • 7.6 mimetypes -- Map filenames to MIME types
      • 7.6.1 MimeTypes Objects
    • 7.7 MimeWriter -- Generic MIME file writer
      • 7.7.1 MimeWriter Objects
    • 7.8 mimify -- MIME processing of mail messages
    • 7.9 multifile -- Support for files containing distinct parts
      • 7.9.1 MultiFile Objects
      • 7.9.2 MultiFile Example
    • 7.10 rfc822 -- Parse RFC 2822 mail headers
      • 7.10.1 Message Objects
      • 7.10.2 AddressList Objects
    • 7.11 base64 -- RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
    • 7.12 binhex -- Encode and decode binhex4 files
      • 7.12.1 Notes
    • 7.13 binascii -- Convert between binary and ASCII
    • 7.14 quopri -- Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
    • 7.15 uu -- Encode and decode uuencode files
  • 8. Structured Markup Processing Tools
    • 8.1 HTMLParser -- Simple HTML and XHTML parser
      • 8.1.1 Example HTML Parser Application
    • 8.2 sgmllib -- Simple SGML parser
    • 8.3 htmllib -- A parser for HTML documents
      • 8.3.1 HTMLParser Objects
    • 8.4 htmlentitydefs -- Definitions of HTML general entities
    • 8.5 xml.parsers.expat -- Fast XML parsing using Expat
      • 8.5.1 XMLParser Objects
      • 8.5.2 ExpatError Exceptions
      • 8.5.3 Example
      • 8.5.4 Content Model Descriptions
      • 8.5.5 Expat error constants
    • 8.6 xml.dom -- The Document Object Model API
      • 8.6.1 Module Contents
      • 8.6.2 Objects in the DOM
      • 8.6.3 Conformance
    • 8.7 xml.dom.minidom -- Lightweight DOM implementation
      • 8.7.1 DOM Objects
      • 8.7.2 DOM Example
      • 8.7.3 minidom and the DOM standard
    • 8.8 xml.dom.pulldom -- Support for building partial DOM trees
      • 8.8.1 DOMEventStream Objects
    • 8.9 xml.sax -- Support for SAX2 parsers
      • 8.9.1 SAXException Objects
    • 8.10 xml.sax.handler -- Base classes for SAX handlers
      • 8.10.1 ContentHandler Objects
      • 8.10.2 DTDHandler Objects
      • 8.10.3 EntityResolver Objects
      • 8.10.4 ErrorHandler Objects
    • 8.11 xml.sax.saxutils -- SAX Utilities
    • 8.12 xml.sax.xmlreader -- Interface for XML parsers
      • 8.12.1 XMLReader Objects
      • 8.12.2 IncrementalParser Objects
      • 8.12.3 Locator Objects
      • 8.12.4 InputSource Objects
      • 8.12.5 The Attributes Interface
      • 8.12.6 The AttributesNS Interface
    • 8.13 xml.etree.ElementTree -- The ElementTree XML API
      • 8.13.1 Functions
      • 8.13.2 ElementTree Objects
      • 8.13.3 QName Objects
      • 8.13.4 TreeBuilder Objects
      • 8.13.5 XMLTreeBuilder Objects
  • 9. File Formats
    • 9.1 csv -- CSV File Reading and Writing
      • 9.1.1 Module Contents
      • 9.1.2 Dialects and Formatting Parameters
      • 9.1.3 Reader Objects
      • 9.1.4 Writer Objects
      • 9.1.5 Examples
    • 9.2 ConfigParser -- Configuration file parser
      • 9.2.1 RawConfigParser Objects
      • 9.2.2 ConfigParser Objects
      • 9.2.3 SafeConfigParser Objects
    • 9.3 robotparser -- Parser for robots.txt
    • 9.4 netrc -- netrc file processing
      • 9.4.1 netrc Objects
    • 9.5 xdrlib -- Encode and decode XDR data
      • 9.5.1 Packer Objects
      • 9.5.2 Unpacker Objects
      • 9.5.3 Exceptions
  • 10. Cryptographic Services
    • 10.1 hashlib -- Secure hashes and message digests
    • 10.2 hmac -- Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
    • 10.3 md5 -- MD5 message digest algorithm
    • 10.4 sha -- SHA-1 message digest algorithm
  • 11. File and Directory Access
    • 11.1 os.path -- Common pathname manipulations
    • 11.2 fileinput -- Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
    • 11.3 stat -- Interpreting stat() results
    • 11.4 statvfs -- Constants used with os.statvfs()
    • 11.5 filecmp -- File and Directory Comparisons
      • 11.5.1 The dircmp class
    • 11.6 tempfile -- Generate temporary files and directories
    • 11.7 glob -- Unix style pathname pattern expansion
    • 11.8 fnmatch -- Unix filename pattern matching
    • 11.9 linecache -- Random access to text lines
    • 11.10 shutil -- High-level file operations
      • 11.10.1 Example
    • 11.11 dircache -- Cached directory listings
  • 12. Data Compression and Archiving
    • 12.1 zlib -- Compression compatible with gzip
    • 12.2 gzip -- Support for gzip files
    • 12.3 bz2 -- Compression compatible with bzip2
      • 12.3.1 (De)compression of files
      • 12.3.2 Sequential (de)compression
      • 12.3.3 One-shot (de)compression
    • 12.4 zipfile -- Work with ZIP archives
      • 12.4.1 ZipFile Objects
      • 12.4.2 PyZipFile Objects
      • 12.4.3 ZipInfo Objects
    • 12.5 tarfile -- Read and write tar archive files
      • 12.5.1 TarFile Objects
      • 12.5.2 TarInfo Objects
      • 12.5.3 Examples
  • 13. Data Persistence
    • 13.1 pickle -- Python object serialization
      • 13.1.1 Relationship to other Python modules
      • 13.1.2 Data stream format
      • 13.1.3 Usage
      • 13.1.4 What can be pickled and unpickled?
      • 13.1.5 The pickle protocol
      • 13.1.6 Subclassing Unpicklers
      • 13.1.7 Example
    • 13.2 cPickle -- A faster pickle
    • 13.3 copy_reg -- Register pickle support functions
    • 13.4 shelve -- Python object persistence
      • 13.4.1 Restrictions
      • 13.4.2 Example
    • 13.5 marshal -- Internal Python object serialization
    • 13.6 anydbm -- Generic access to DBM-style databases
    • 13.7 whichdb -- Guess which DBM module created a database
    • 13.8 dbm -- Simple ``database'' interface
    • 13.9 gdbm -- GNU's reinterpretation of dbm
    • 13.10 dbhash -- DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
      • 13.10.1 Database Objects
    • 13.11 bsddb -- Interface to Berkeley DB library
      • 13.11.1 Hash, BTree and Record Objects
    • 13.12 dumbdbm -- Portable DBM implementation
      • 13.12.1 Dumbdbm Objects
    • 13.13 sqlite3 -- DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
      • 13.13.1 Module functions and constants
      • 13.13.2 Connection Objects
      • 13.13.3 Cursor Objects
      • 13.13.4 SQLite and Python types
      • 13.13.5 Controlling Transactions
      • 13.13.6 Using pysqlite efficiently
  • 14. Generic Operating System Services
    • 14.1 os -- Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
      • 14.1.1 Process Parameters
      • 14.1.2 File Object Creation
      • 14.1.3 File Descriptor Operations
      • 14.1.4 Files and Directories
      • 14.1.5 Process Management
      • 14.1.6 Miscellaneous System Information
      • 14.1.7 Miscellaneous Functions
    • 14.2 time -- Time access and conversions
    • 14.3 optparse -- More powerful command line option parser
      • 14.3.1 Background
      • 14.3.2 Tutorial
      • 14.3.3 Reference Guide
      • 14.3.4 Option Callbacks
      • 14.3.5 Extending optparse
    • 14.4 getopt -- Parser for command line options
    • 14.5 logging -- Logging facility for Python
      • 14.5.1 Logger Objects
      • 14.5.2 Basic example
      • 14.5.3 Logging to multiple destinations
      • 14.5.4 Sending and receiving logging events across a network
      • 14.5.5 Handler Objects
      • 14.5.6 Formatter Objects
      • 14.5.7 Filter Objects
      • 14.5.8 LogRecord Objects
      • 14.5.9 Thread Safety
      • 14.5.10 Configuration
    • 14.6 getpass -- Portable password input
    • 14.7 curses -- Terminal handling for character-cell displays
      • 14.7.1 Functions
      • 14.7.2 Window Objects
      • 14.7.3 Constants
    • 14.8 curses.textpad -- Text input widget for curses programs
      • 14.8.1 Textbox objects
    • 14.9 curses.wrapper -- Terminal handler for curses programs
    • 14.10 curses.ascii -- Utilities for ASCII characters
    • 14.11 curses.panel -- A panel stack extension for curses.
      • 14.11.1 Functions
      • 14.11.2 Panel Objects
    • 14.12 platform -- Access to underlying platform's identifying data.
      • 14.12.1 Cross Platform
      • 14.12.2 Java Platform
      • 14.12.3 Windows Platform
      • 14.12.4 Mac OS Platform
      • 14.12.5 Unix Platforms
    • 14.13 errno -- Standard errno system symbols
    • 14.14 ctypes -- A foreign function library for Python.
      • 14.14.1 ctypes tutorial
      • 14.14.2 ctypes reference
  • 15. Optional Operating System Services
    • 15.1 select -- Waiting for I/O completion
      • 15.1.1 Polling Objects
    • 15.2 thread -- Multiple threads of control
    • 15.3 threading -- Higher-level threading interface
      • 15.3.1 Lock Objects
      • 15.3.2 RLock Objects
      • 15.3.3 Condition Objects
      • 15.3.4 Semaphore Objects
      • 15.3.5 Event Objects
      • 15.3.6 Thread Objects
      • 15.3.7 Timer Objects
      • 15.3.8 Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statement
    • 15.4 dummy_thread -- Drop-in replacement for the thread module
    • 15.5 dummy_threading -- Drop-in replacement for the threading module
    • 15.6 mmap -- Memory-mapped file support
    • 15.7 readline -- GNU readline interface
      • 15.7.1 Example
    • 15.8 rlcompleter -- Completion function for GNU readline
      • 15.8.1 Completer Objects
  • 16. Unix Specific Services
    • 16.1 posix -- The most common POSIX system calls
      • 16.1.1 Large File Support
      • 16.1.2 Module Contents
    • 16.2 pwd -- The password database
    • 16.3 spwd -- The shadow password database
    • 16.4 grp -- The group database
    • 16.5 crypt -- Function to check Unix passwords
    • 16.6 dl -- Call C functions in shared objects
      • 16.6.1 Dl Objects
    • 16.7 termios -- POSIX style tty control
      • 16.7.1 Example
    • 16.8 tty -- Terminal control functions
    • 16.9 pty -- Pseudo-terminal utilities
    • 16.10 fcntl -- The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls
    • 16.11 pipes -- Interface to shell pipelines
      • 16.11.1 Template Objects
    • 16.12 posixfile -- File-like objects with locking support
    • 16.13 resource -- Resource usage information
      • 16.13.1 Resource Limits
      • 16.13.2 Resource Usage
    • 16.14 nis -- Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
    • 16.15 syslog -- Unix syslog library routines
    • 16.16 commands -- Utilities for running commands
  • 17. Interprocess Communication and Networking
    • 17.1 subprocess -- Subprocess management
      • 17.1.1 Using the subprocess Module
      • 17.1.2 Popen Objects
      • 17.1.3 Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module
    • 17.2 socket -- Low-level networking interface
      • 17.2.1 Socket Objects
      • 17.2.2 SSL Objects
      • 17.2.3 Example
    • 17.3 signal -- Set handlers for asynchronous events
      • 17.3.1 Example
    • 17.4 popen2 -- Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
      • 17.4.1 Popen3 and Popen4 Objects
      • 17.4.2 Flow Control Issues
    • 17.5 asyncore -- Asynchronous socket handler
      • 17.5.1 asyncore Example basic HTTP client
    • 17.6 asynchat -- Asynchronous socket command/response handler
      • 17.6.1 asynchat - Auxiliary Classes and Functions
      • 17.6.2 asynchat Example
  • 18. Internet Protocols and Support
    • 18.1 webbrowser -- Convenient Web-browser controller
      • 18.1.1 Browser Controller Objects
    • 18.2 cgi -- Common Gateway Interface support.
      • 18.2.1 Introduction
      • 18.2.2 Using the cgi module
      • 18.2.3 Higher Level Interface
      • 18.2.4 Old classes
      • 18.2.5 Functions
      • 18.2.6 Caring about security
      • 18.2.7 Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
      • 18.2.8 Testing your CGI script
      • 18.2.9 Debugging CGI scripts
      • 18.2.10 Common problems and solutions
    • 18.3 cgitb -- Traceback manager for CGI scripts
    • 18.4 wsgiref -- WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
      • 18.4.1 wsgiref.util - WSGI environment utilities
      • 18.4.2 wsgiref.headers - WSGI response header tools
      • 18.4.3 wsgiref.simple_server - a simple WSGI HTTP server
      • 18.4.4 wsgiref.validate - WSGI conformance checker
      • 18.4.5 wsgiref.handlers - server/gateway base classes
    • 18.5 urllib -- Open arbitrary resources by URL
      • 18.5.1 URLopener Objects
      • 18.5.2 Examples
    • 18.6 urllib2 -- extensible library for opening URLs
      • 18.6.1 Request Objects
      • 18.6.2 OpenerDirector Objects
      • 18.6.3 BaseHandler Objects
      • 18.6.4 HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
      • 18.6.5 HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
      • 18.6.6 ProxyHandler Objects
      • 18.6.7 HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
      • 18.6.8 AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
      • 18.6.9 HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
      • 18.6.10 ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
      • 18.6.11 AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
      • 18.6.12 HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
      • 18.6.13 ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
      • 18.6.14 HTTPHandler Objects
      • 18.6.15 HTTPSHandler Objects
      • 18.6.16 FileHandler Objects
      • 18.6.17 FTPHandler Objects
      • 18.6.18 CacheFTPHandler Objects
      • 18.6.19 GopherHandler Objects
      • 18.6.20 UnknownHandler Objects
      • 18.6.21 HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
      • 18.6.22 Examples
    • 18.7 httplib -- HTTP protocol client
      • 18.7.1 HTTPConnection Objects
      • 18.7.2 HTTPResponse Objects
      • 18.7.3 Examples
    • 18.8 ftplib -- FTP protocol client
      • 18.8.1 FTP Objects
    • 18.9 gopherlib -- Gopher protocol client
    • 18.10 poplib -- POP3 protocol client
      • 18.10.1 POP3 Objects
      • 18.10.2 POP3 Example
    • 18.11 imaplib -- IMAP4 protocol client
      • 18.11.1 IMAP4 Objects
      • 18.11.2 IMAP4 Example
    • 18.12 nntplib -- NNTP protocol client
      • 18.12.1 NNTP Objects
    • 18.13 smtplib -- SMTP protocol client
      • 18.13.1 SMTP Objects
      • 18.13.2 SMTP Example
    • 18.14 smtpd -- SMTP Server
      • 18.14.1 SMTPServer Objects
      • 18.14.2 DebuggingServer Objects
      • 18.14.3 PureProxy Objects
      • 18.14.4 MailmanProxy Objects
    • 18.15 telnetlib -- Telnet client
      • 18.15.1 Telnet Objects
      • 18.15.2 Telnet Example
    • 18.16 uuid -- UUID objects according to RFC 4122
      • 18.16.1 Example
    • 18.17 urlparse -- Parse URLs into components
      • 18.17.1 Results of urlparse() and urlsplit()
    • 18.18 SocketServer -- A framework for network servers
      • 18.18.1 Server Creation Notes
      • 18.18.2 Server Objects
      • 18.18.3 RequestHandler Objects
    • 18.19 BaseHTTPServer -- Basic HTTP server
    • 18.20 SimpleHTTPServer -- Simple HTTP request handler
    • 18.21 CGIHTTPServer -- CGI-capable HTTP request handler
    • 18.22 cookielib -- Cookie handling for HTTP clients
      • 18.22.1 CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects
      • 18.22.2 FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
      • 18.22.3 CookiePolicy Objects
      • 18.22.4 DefaultCookiePolicy Objects
      • 18.22.5 Cookie Objects
      • 18.22.6 Examples
    • 18.23 Cookie -- HTTP state management
      • 18.23.1 Cookie Objects
      • 18.23.2 Morsel Objects
      • 18.23.3 Example
    • 18.24 xmlrpclib -- XML-RPC client access
      • 18.24.1 ServerProxy Objects
      • 18.24.2 Boolean Objects
      • 18.24.3 DateTime Objects
      • 18.24.4 Binary Objects
      • 18.24.5 Fault Objects
      • 18.24.6 ProtocolError Objects
      • 18.24.7 MultiCall Objects
      • 18.24.8 Convenience Functions
      • 18.24.9 Example of Client Usage
    • 18.25 SimpleXMLRPCServer -- Basic XML-RPC server
      • 18.25.1 SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
      • 18.25.2 CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
    • 18.26 DocXMLRPCServer -- Self-documenting XML-RPC server
      • 18.26.1 DocXMLRPCServer Objects
      • 18.26.2 DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
  • 19. Multimedia Services
    • 19.1 audioop -- Manipulate raw audio data
    • 19.2 imageop -- Manipulate raw image data
    • 19.3 aifc -- Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
    • 19.4 sunau -- Read and write Sun AU files
      • 19.4.1 AU_read Objects
      • 19.4.2 AU_write Objects
    • 19.5 wave -- Read and write WAV files
      • 19.5.1 Wave_read Objects
      • 19.5.2 Wave_write Objects
    • 19.6 chunk -- Read IFF chunked data
    • 19.7 colorsys -- Conversions between color systems
    • 19.8 rgbimg -- Read and write ``SGI RGB'' files
    • 19.9 imghdr -- Determine the type of an image
    • 19.10 sndhdr -- Determine type of sound file
    • 19.11 ossaudiodev -- Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
      • 19.11.1 Audio Device Objects
      • 19.11.2 Mixer Device Objects
  • 20. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
    • 20.1 Tkinter -- Python interface to Tcl/Tk
      • 20.1.1 Tkinter Modules
      • 20.1.2 Tkinter Life Preserver
      • 20.1.3 A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk
      • 20.1.4 Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter
      • 20.1.5 How Tk and Tkinter are Related
      • 20.1.6 Handy Reference
    • 20.2 Tix -- Extension widgets for Tk
      • 20.2.1 Using Tix
      • 20.2.2 Tix Widgets
      • 20.2.3 Tix Commands
    • 20.3 ScrolledText -- Scrolled Text Widget
    • 20.4 turtle -- Turtle graphics for Tk
      • 20.4.1 Turtle, Pen and RawPen Objects
    • 20.5 Idle
      • 20.5.1 Menus
      • 20.5.2 Basic editing and navigation
      • 20.5.3 Syntax colors
    • 20.6 Other Graphical User Interface Packages
  • 21. Internationalization
    • 21.1 gettext -- Multilingual internationalization services
      • 21.1.1 GNU gettext API
      • 21.1.2 Class-based API
      • 21.1.3 Internationalizing your programs and modules
      • 21.1.4 Acknowledgements
    • 21.2 locale -- Internationalization services
      • 21.2.1 Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
      • 21.2.2 For extension writers and programs that embed Python
      • 21.2.3 Access to message catalogs
  • 22. Program Frameworks
    • 22.1 cmd -- Support for line-oriented command interpreters
      • 22.1.1 Cmd Objects
    • 22.2 shlex -- Simple lexical analysis
      • 22.2.1 shlex Objects
      • 22.2.2 Parsing Rules
  • 23. Development Tools
    • 23.1 pydoc -- Documentation generator and online help system
    • 23.2 doctest -- Test interactive Python examples
      • 23.2.1 Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings
      • 23.2.2 Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File
      • 23.2.3 How It Works
      • 23.2.4 Basic API
      • 23.2.5 Unittest API
      • 23.2.6 Advanced API
      • 23.2.7 Debugging
      • 23.2.8 Soapbox
    • 23.3 unittest -- Unit testing framework
      • 23.3.1 Basic example
      • 23.3.2 Organizing test code
      • 23.3.3 Re-using old test code
      • 23.3.4 Classes and functions
      • 23.3.5 TestCase Objects
      • 23.3.6 TestSuite Objects
      • 23.3.7 TestResult Objects
      • 23.3.8 TestLoader Objects
    • 23.4 test -- Regression tests package for Python
      • 23.4.1 Writing Unit Tests for the test package
      • 23.4.2 Running tests using test.regrtest
    • 23.5 test.test_support -- Utility functions for tests
  • 24. The Python Debugger
    • 24.1 Debugger Commands
    • 24.2 How It Works
  • 25. The Python Profilers
    • 25.1 Introduction to the profilers
    • 25.2 Instant User's Manual
    • 25.3 What Is Deterministic Profiling?
    • 25.4 Reference Manual - profile and cProfile
      • 25.4.1 The Stats Class
    • 25.5 Limitations
    • 25.6 Calibration
    • 25.7 Extensions -- Deriving Better Profilers
    • 25.8 hotshot -- High performance logging profiler
      • 25.8.1 Profile Objects
      • 25.8.2 Using hotshot data
      • 25.8.3 Example Usage
    • 25.9 timeit -- Measure execution time of small code snippets
      • 25.9.1 Command Line Interface
      • 25.9.2 Examples
    • 25.10 trace -- Trace or track Python statement execution
      • 25.10.1 Command Line Usage
      • 25.10.2 Programming Interface
  • 26. Python Runtime Services
    • 26.1 sys -- System-specific parameters and functions
    • 26.2 __builtin__ -- Built-in objects
    • 26.3 __main__ -- Top-level script environment
    • 26.4 warnings -- Warning control
      • 26.4.1 Warning Categories
      • 26.4.2 The Warnings Filter
      • 26.4.3 Available Functions
    • 26.5 contextlib -- Utilities for with-statement contexts.
    • 26.6 atexit -- Exit handlers
      • 26.6.1 atexit Example
    • 26.7 traceback -- Print or retrieve a stack traceback
      • 26.7.1 Traceback Example
    • 26.8 __future__ -- Future statement definitions
    • 26.9 gc -- Garbage Collector interface
    • 26.10 inspect -- Inspect live objects
      • 26.10.1 Types and members
      • 26.10.2 Retrieving source code
      • 26.10.3 Classes and functions
      • 26.10.4 The interpreter stack
    • 26.11 site -- Site-specific configuration hook
    • 26.12 user -- User-specific configuration hook
    • 26.13 fpectl -- Floating point exception control
      • 26.13.1 Example
      • 26.13.2 Limitations and other considerations
  • 27. Custom Python Interpreters
    • 27.1 code -- Interpreter base classes
      • 27.1.1 Interactive Interpreter Objects
      • 27.1.2 Interactive Console Objects
    • 27.2 codeop -- Compile Python code
  • 28. Restricted Execution
    • 28.1 rexec -- Restricted execution framework
      • 28.1.1 RExec Objects
      • 28.1.2 Defining restricted environments
      • 28.1.3 An example
    • 28.2 Bastion -- Restricting access to objects
  • 29. Importing Modules
    • 29.1 imp -- Access the import internals
      • 29.1.1 Examples
    • 29.2 zipimport -- Import modules from Zip archives
      • 29.2.1 zipimporter Objects
      • 29.2.2 Examples
    • 29.3 pkgutil -- Package extension utility
    • 29.4 modulefinder -- Find modules used by a script
    • 29.5 runpy -- Locating and executing Python modules.
  • 30. Python Language Services
    • 30.1 parser -- Access Python parse trees
      • 30.1.1 Creating AST Objects
      • 30.1.2 Converting AST Objects
      • 30.1.3 Queries on AST Objects
      • 30.1.4 Exceptions and Error Handling
      • 30.1.5 AST Objects
      • 30.1.6 Examples
    • 30.2 symbol -- Constants used with Python parse trees
    • 30.3 token -- Constants used with Python parse trees
    • 30.4 keyword -- Testing for Python keywords
    • 30.5 tokenize -- Tokenizer for Python source
    • 30.6 tabnanny -- Detection of ambiguous indentation
    • 30.7 pyclbr -- Python class browser support
      • 30.7.1 Class Descriptor Objects
      • 30.7.2 Function Descriptor Objects
    • 30.8 py_compile -- Compile Python source files
    • 30.9 compileall -- Byte-compile Python libraries
    • 30.10 dis -- Disassembler for Python byte code
      • 30.10.1 Python Byte Code Instructions
    • 30.11 pickletools -- Tools for pickle developers.
    • 30.12 distutils -- Building and installing Python modules
  • 31. Python compiler package
    • 31.1 The basic interface
    • 31.2 Limitations
    • 31.3 Python Abstract Syntax
      • 31.3.1 AST Nodes
      • 31.3.2 Assignment nodes
      • 31.3.3 Examples
    • 31.4 Using Visitors to Walk ASTs
    • 31.5 Bytecode Generation
  • 32. Abstract Syntax Trees
    • 32.1 Abstract Grammar
  • 33. Miscellaneous Services
    • 33.1 formatter -- Generic output formatting
      • 33.1.1 The Formatter Interface
      • 33.1.2 Formatter Implementations
      • 33.1.3 The Writer Interface
      • 33.1.4 Writer Implementations
  • 34. SGI IRIX Specific Services
    • 34.1 al -- Audio functions on the SGI
      • 34.1.1 Configuration Objects
      • 34.1.2 Port Objects
    • 34.2 AL -- Constants used with the al module
    • 34.3 cd -- CD-ROM access on SGI systems
      • 34.3.1 Player Objects
      • 34.3.2 Parser Objects
    • 34.4 fl -- FORMS library for graphical user interfaces
      • 34.4.1 Functions Defined in Module fl
      • 34.4.2 Form Objects
      • 34.4.3 FORMS Objects
    • 34.5 FL -- Constants used with the fl module
    • 34.6 flp -- Functions for loading stored FORMS designs
    • 34.7 fm -- Font Manager interface
    • 34.8 gl -- Graphics Library interface
    • 34.9 DEVICE -- Constants used with the gl module
    • 34.10 GL -- Constants used with the gl module
    • 34.11 imgfile -- Support for SGI imglib files
    • 34.12 jpeg -- Read and write JPEG files
  • 35. SunOS Specific Services
    • 35.1 sunaudiodev -- Access to Sun audio hardware
      • 35.1.1 Audio Device Objects
    • 35.2 SUNAUDIODEV -- Constants used with sunaudiodev
  • 36. MS Windows Specific Services
    • 36.1 msilib -- Read and write Microsoft Installer files
      • 36.1.1 Database Objects
      • 36.1.2 View Objects
      • 36.1.3 Summary Information Objects
      • 36.1.4 Record Objects
      • 36.1.5 Errors
      • 36.1.6 CAB Objects
      • 36.1.7 Directory Objects
      • 36.1.8 Features
      • 36.1.9 GUI classes
      • 36.1.10 Precomputed tables
    • 36.2 msvcrt - Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
      • 36.2.1 File Operations
      • 36.2.2 Console I/O
      • 36.2.3 Other Functions
    • 36.3 _winreg - Windows registry access
      • 36.3.1 Registry Handle Objects
    • 36.4 winsound -- Sound-playing interface for Windows
  • A. Undocumented Modules
    • A.1 Frameworks
    • A.2 Miscellaneous useful utilities
    • A.3 Platform specific modules
    • A.4 Multimedia
    • A.5 Obsolete
    • A.6 SGI-specific Extension modules
  • B. Reporting Bugs
  • C. History and License
    • C.1 History of the software
    • C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
    • C.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
      • C.3.1 Mersenne Twister
      • C.3.2 Sockets
      • C.3.3 Floating point exception control
      • C.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
      • C.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
      • C.3.6 Cookie management
      • C.3.7 Profiling
      • C.3.8 Execution tracing
      • C.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
      • C.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
  • Module Index
  • Index
  • About this document ...
• Macintosh Module Reference
  • Front Matter
  • Contents
  • 1. Using Python on a Macintosh
    • 1.1 Getting and Installing MacPython
      • 1.1.1 How to run a Python script
      • 1.1.2 Running scripts with a GUI
      • 1.1.3 Configuration
    • 1.2 The IDE
    • 1.3 Installing Additional Python Packages
    • 1.4 GUI Programming on the Mac
    • 1.5 Distributing Python Applications on the Mac
    • 1.6 Application Scripting
    • 1.7 Other Resources
  • 2. MacPython Modules
    • 2.1 macpath -- MacOS path manipulation functions
    • 2.2 macfs -- Various file system services
      • 2.2.1 FSSpec Objects
      • 2.2.2 Alias Objects
      • 2.2.3 FInfo Objects
    • 2.3 ic -- Access to Internet Config
      • 2.3.1 IC Objects
    • 2.4 MacOS -- Access to Mac OS interpreter features
    • 2.5 macostools -- Convenience routines for file manipulation
    • 2.6 findertools -- The finder's Apple Events interface
    • 2.7 EasyDialogs -- Basic Macintosh dialogs
      • 2.7.1 ProgressBar Objects
    • 2.8 FrameWork -- Interactive application framework
      • 2.8.1 Application Objects
      • 2.8.2 Window Objects
      • 2.8.3 ControlsWindow Object
      • 2.8.4 ScrolledWindow Object
      • 2.8.5 DialogWindow Objects
    • 2.9 autoGIL -- Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops
  • 3. MacPython OSA Modules
    • 3.1 gensuitemodule -- Generate OSA stub packages
    • 3.2 aetools -- OSA client support
    • 3.3 aepack -- Conversion between Python variables and AppleEvent data containers
    • 3.4 aetypes -- AppleEvent objects
    • 3.5 MiniAEFrame -- Open Scripting Architecture server support
      • 3.5.1 AEServer Objects
  • 4. MacOS Toolbox Modules
    • 4.1 Carbon.AE -- Apple Events
    • 4.2 Carbon.AH -- Apple Help
    • 4.3 Carbon.App -- Appearance Manager
    • 4.4 Carbon.CF -- Core Foundation
    • 4.5 Carbon.CG -- Core Graphics
    • 4.6 Carbon.CarbonEvt -- Carbon Event Manager
    • 4.7 Carbon.Cm -- Component Manager
    • 4.8 Carbon.Ctl -- Control Manager
    • 4.9 Carbon.Dlg -- Dialog Manager
    • 4.10 Carbon.Evt -- Event Manager
    • 4.11 Carbon.Fm -- Font Manager
    • 4.12 Carbon.Folder -- Folder Manager
    • 4.13 Carbon.Help -- Help Manager
    • 4.14 Carbon.List -- List Manager
    • 4.15 Carbon.Menu -- Menu Manager
    • 4.16 Carbon.Mlte -- MultiLingual Text Editor
    • 4.17 Carbon.Qd -- QuickDraw
    • 4.18 Carbon.Qdoffs -- QuickDraw Offscreen
    • 4.19 Carbon.Qt -- QuickTime
    • 4.20 Carbon.Res -- Resource Manager and Handles
    • 4.21 Carbon.Scrap -- Scrap Manager
    • 4.22 Carbon.Snd -- Sound Manager
    • 4.23 Carbon.TE -- TextEdit
    • 4.24 Carbon.Win -- Window Manager
    • 4.25 ColorPicker -- Color selection dialog
  • 5. Undocumented Modules
    • 5.1 applesingle -- AppleSingle decoder
    • 5.2 buildtools -- Helper module for BuildApplet and Friends
    • 5.3 cfmfile -- Code Fragment Resource module
    • 5.4 icopen -- Internet Config replacement for open()
    • 5.5 macerrors -- Mac OS Errors
    • 5.6 macresource -- Locate script resources
    • 5.7 Nav -- NavServices calls
    • 5.8 PixMapWrapper -- Wrapper for PixMap objects
    • 5.9 videoreader -- Read QuickTime movies
    • 5.10 W -- Widgets built on FrameWork
  • A. History and License
    • A.1 History of the software
    • A.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
    • A.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
      • A.3.1 Mersenne Twister
      • A.3.2 Sockets
      • A.3.3 Floating point exception control
      • A.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
      • A.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
      • A.3.6 Cookie management
      • A.3.7 Profiling
      • A.3.8 Execution tracing
      • A.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
      • A.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
  • Module Index
  • Index
  • About this document ...
• Installing Python Modules
  • 1 Introduction
    • 1.1 Best case: trivial installation
    • 1.2 The new standard: Distutils
  • 2 Standard Build and Install
    • 2.1 Platform variations
    • 2.2 Splitting the job up
    • 2.3 How building works
    • 2.4 How installation works
  • 3 Alternate Installation
    • 3.1 Alternate installation: the home scheme
    • 3.2 Alternate installation: Unix (the prefix scheme)
    • 3.3 Alternate installation: Windows (the prefix scheme)
  • 4 Custom Installation
    • 4.1 Modifying Python's Search Path
  • 5 Distutils Configuration Files
    • 5.1 Location and names of config files
    • 5.2 Syntax of config files
  • 6 Building Extensions: Tips and Tricks
    • 6.1 Tweaking compiler/linker flags
    • 6.2 Using non-Microsoft compilers on Windows
      • 6.2.1 Borland C++
      • 6.2.2 GNU C / Cygwin / MinGW
  • About this document ...
• Distributing Python Modules
  • 1. An Introduction to Distutils
    • 1.1 Concepts & Terminology
    • 1.2 A Simple Example
    • 1.3 General Python terminology
    • 1.4 Distutils-specific terminology
  • 2. Writing the Setup Script
    • 2.1 Listing whole packages
    • 2.2 Listing individual modules
    • 2.3 Describing extension modules
      • 2.3.1 Extension names and packages
      • 2.3.2 Extension source files
      • 2.3.3 Preprocessor options
      • 2.3.4 Library options
      • 2.3.5 Other options
    • 2.4 Relationships between Distributions and Packages
    • 2.5 Installing Scripts
    • 2.6 Installing Package Data
    • 2.7 Installing Additional Files
    • 2.8 Additional meta-data
    • 2.9 Debugging the setup script
  • 3. Writing the Setup Configuration File
  • 4. Creating a Source Distribution
    • 4.1 Specifying the files to distribute
    • 4.2 Manifest-related options
  • 5. Creating Built Distributions
    • 5.1 Creating dumb built distributions
    • 5.2 Creating RPM packages
    • 5.3 Creating Windows Installers
      • 5.3.1 The Postinstallation script
  • 6. Registering with the Package Index
    • 6.1 The .pypirc file
  • 7. Uploading Packages to the Package Index
  • 8. Examples
    • 8.1 Pure Python distribution (by module)
    • 8.2 Pure Python distribution (by package)
    • 8.3 Single extension module
  • 9. Extending Distutils
    • 9.1 Integrating new commands
    • 9.2 Adding new distribution types
  • 10. Command Reference
    • 10.1 Installing modules: the install command family
      • 10.1.1 install_data
      • 10.1.2 install_scripts
    • 10.2 Creating a source distribution: the sdist command
  • 11. API Reference
    • 11.1 distutils.core -- Core Distutils functionality
    • 11.2 distutils.ccompiler -- CCompiler base class
    • 11.3 distutils.unixccompiler -- Unix C Compiler
    • 11.4 distutils.msvccompiler -- Microsoft Compiler
    • 11.5 distutils.bcppcompiler -- Borland Compiler
    • 11.6 distutils.cygwincompiler -- Cygwin Compiler
    • 11.7 distutils.emxccompiler -- OS/2 EMX Compiler
    • 11.8 distutils.mwerkscompiler -- Metrowerks CodeWarrior support
    • 11.9 distutils.archive_util -- Archiving utilities
    • 11.10 distutils.dep_util -- Dependency checking
    • 11.11 distutils.dir_util -- Directory tree operations
    • 11.12 distutils.file_util -- Single file operations
    • 11.13 distutils.util -- Miscellaneous other utility functions
    • 11.14 distutils.dist -- The Distribution class
    • 11.15 distutils.extension -- The Extension class
    • 11.16 distutils.debug -- Distutils debug mode
    • 11.17 distutils.errors -- Distutils exceptions
    • 11.18 distutils.fancy_getopt -- Wrapper around the standard getopt module
    • 11.19 distutils.filelist -- The FileList class
    • 11.20 distutils.log -- Simple PEP 282-style logging
    • 11.21 distutils.spawn -- Spawn a sub-process
    • 11.22 distutils.sysconfig -- System configuration information
    • 11.23 distutils.text_file -- The TextFile class
    • 11.24 distutils.version -- Version number classes
    • 11.25 distutils.cmd -- Abstract base class for Distutils commands
    • 11.26 distutils.command -- Individual Distutils commands
    • 11.27 distutils.command.bdist -- Build a binary installer
    • 11.28 distutils.command.bdist_packager -- Abstract base class for packagers
    • 11.29 distutils.command.bdist_dumb -- Build a ``dumb'' installer
    • 11.30 distutils.command.bdist_msi -- Build a Microsoft Installer binary package
    • 11.31 distutils.command.bdist_rpm -- Build a binary distribution as a Redhat RPM and SRPM
    • 11.32 distutils.command.bdist_wininst -- Build a Windows installer
    • 11.33 distutils.command.sdist -- Build a source distribution
    • 11.34 distutils.command.build -- Build all files of a package
    • 11.35 distutils.command.build_clib -- Build any C libraries in a package
    • 11.36 distutils.command.build_ext -- Build any extensions in a package
    • 11.37 distutils.command.build_py -- Build the .py/.pyc files of a package
    • 11.38 distutils.command.build_scripts -- Build the scripts of a package
    • 11.39 distutils.command.clean -- Clean a package build area
    • 11.40 distutils.command.config -- Perform package configuration
    • 11.41 distutils.command.install -- Install a package
    • 11.42 distutils.command.install_data -- Install data files from a package
    • 11.43 distutils.command.install_headers -- Install C/C++ header files from a package
    • 11.44 distutils.command.install_lib -- Install library files from a package
    • 11.45 distutils.command.install_scripts -- Install script files from a package
    • 11.46 distutils.command.register -- Register a module with the Python Package Index
    • 11.47 Creating a new Distutils command
  • Module Index
  • Index
  • About this document ...
• Language Reference
  • Front Matter
  • Contents
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1 Alternate Implementations
    • 1.2 Notation
  • 2. Lexical analysis
    • 2.1 Line structure
      • 2.1.1 Logical lines
      • 2.1.2 Physical lines
      • 2.1.3 Comments
      • 2.1.4 Encoding declarations
      • 2.1.5 Explicit line joining
      • 2.1.6 Implicit line joining
      • 2.1.7 Blank lines
      • 2.1.8 Indentation
      • 2.1.9 Whitespace between tokens
    • 2.2 Other tokens
    • 2.3 Identifiers and keywords
      • 2.3.1 Keywords
      • 2.3.2 Reserved classes of identifiers
    • 2.4 Literals
      • 2.4.1 String literals
      • 2.4.2 String literal concatenation
      • 2.4.3 Numeric literals
      • 2.4.4 Integer and long integer literals
      • 2.4.5 Floating point literals
      • 2.4.6 Imaginary literals
    • 2.5 Operators
    • 2.6 Delimiters
  • 3. Data model
    • 3.1 Objects, values and types
    • 3.2 The standard type hierarchy
    • 3.3 New-style and classic classes
    • 3.4 Special method names
      • 3.4.1 Basic customization
      • 3.4.2 Customizing attribute access
      • 3.4.3 Customizing class creation
      • 3.4.4 Emulating callable objects
      • 3.4.5 Emulating container types
      • 3.4.6 Additional methods for emulation of sequence types
      • 3.4.7 Emulating numeric types
      • 3.4.8 Coercion rules
      • 3.4.9 With Statement Context Managers
  • 4. Execution model
    • 4.1 Naming and binding
      • 4.1.1 Interaction with dynamic features
    • 4.2 Exceptions
  • 5. Expressions
    • 5.1 Arithmetic conversions
    • 5.2 Atoms
      • 5.2.1 Identifiers (Names)
      • 5.2.2 Literals
      • 5.2.3 Parenthesized forms
      • 5.2.4 List displays
      • 5.2.5 Generator expressions
      • 5.2.6 Dictionary displays
      • 5.2.7 String conversions
      • 5.2.8 Yield expressions
    • 5.3 Primaries
      • 5.3.1 Attribute references
      • 5.3.2 Subscriptions
      • 5.3.3 Slicings
      • 5.3.4 Calls
    • 5.4 The power operator
    • 5.5 Unary arithmetic operations
    • 5.6 Binary arithmetic operations
    • 5.7 Shifting operations
    • 5.8 Binary bit-wise operations
    • 5.9 Comparisons
    • 5.10 Boolean operations
    • 5.11 Lambdas
    • 5.12 Expression lists
    • 5.13 Evaluation order
    • 5.14 Summary
  • 6. Simple statements
    • 6.1 Expression statements
    • 6.2 Assert statements
    • 6.3 Assignment statements
      • 6.3.1 Augmented assignment statements
    • 6.4 The pass statement
    • 6.5 The del statement
    • 6.6 The print statement
    • 6.7 The return statement
    • 6.8 The yield statement
    • 6.9 The raise statement
    • 6.10 The break statement
    • 6.11 The continue statement
    • 6.12 The import statement
      • 6.12.1 Future statements
    • 6.13 The global statement
    • 6.14 The exec statement
  • 7. Compound statements
    • 7.1 The if statement
    • 7.2 The while statement
    • 7.3 The for statement
    • 7.4 The try statement
    • 7.5 The with statement
    • 7.6 Function definitions
    • 7.7 Class definitions
  • 8. Top-level components
    • 8.1 Complete Python programs
    • 8.2 File input
    • 8.3 Interactive input
    • 8.4 Expression input
  • A. History and License
    • A.1 History of the software
    • A.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
    • A.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
      • A.3.1 Mersenne Twister
      • A.3.2 Sockets
      • A.3.3 Floating point exception control
      • A.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
      • A.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
      • A.3.6 Cookie management
      • A.3.7 Profiling
      • A.3.8 Execution tracing
      • A.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
      • A.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
  • Index
  • About this document ...
• Extending and Embedding
  • Front Matter
  • Contents
  • 1. Extending Python with C or C++
    • 1.1 A Simple Example
    • 1.2 Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions
    • 1.3 Back to the Example
    • 1.4 The Module's Method Table and Initialization Function
    • 1.5 Compilation and Linkage
    • 1.6 Calling Python Functions from C
    • 1.7 Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions
    • 1.8 Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions
    • 1.9 Building Arbitrary Values
    • 1.10 Reference Counts
      • 1.10.1 Reference Counting in Python
      • 1.10.2 Ownership Rules
      • 1.10.3 Thin Ice
      • 1.10.4 NULL Pointers
    • 1.11 Writing Extensions in C++
    • 1.12 Providing a C API for an Extension Module
  • 2. Defining New Types
    • 2.1 The Basics
      • 2.1.1 Adding data and methods to the Basic example
      • 2.1.2 Providing finer control over data attributes
      • 2.1.3 Supporting cyclic garbage collection
      • 2.1.4 Subclassing other types
    • 2.2 Type Methods
      • 2.2.1 Finalization and De-allocation
      • 2.2.2 Object Presentation
      • 2.2.3 Attribute Management
      • 2.2.4 Object Comparison
      • 2.2.5 Abstract Protocol Support
      • 2.2.6 Weak Reference Support
      • 2.2.7 More Suggestions
  • 3. Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils
    • 3.1 Distributing your extension modules
  • 4. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows
    • 4.1 A Cookbook Approach
    • 4.2 Differences Between Unix and Windows
    • 4.3 Using DLLs in Practice
  • 5. Embedding Python in Another Application
    • 5.1 Very High Level Embedding
    • 5.2 Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview
    • 5.3 Pure Embedding
    • 5.4 Extending Embedded Python
    • 5.5 Embedding Python in C++
    • 5.6 Linking Requirements
  • A. Reporting Bugs
  • B. History and License
    • B.1 History of the software
    • B.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
    • B.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
      • B.3.1 Mersenne Twister
      • B.3.2 Sockets
      • B.3.3 Floating point exception control
      • B.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
      • B.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
      • B.3.6 Cookie management
      • B.3.7 Profiling
      • B.3.8 Execution tracing
      • B.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
      • B.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
  • About this document ...
• Python/C API
  • Front Matter
  • Contents
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1 Include Files
    • 1.2 Objects, Types and Reference Counts
      • 1.2.1 Reference Counts
      • 1.2.2 Types
    • 1.3 Exceptions
    • 1.4 Embedding Python
    • 1.5 Debugging Builds
  • 2. The Very High Level Layer
  • 3. Reference Counting
  • 4. Exception Handling
    • 4.1 Standard Exceptions
    • 4.2 Deprecation of String Exceptions
  • 5. Utilities
    • 5.1 Operating System Utilities
    • 5.2 Process Control
    • 5.3 Importing Modules
    • 5.4 Data marshalling support
    • 5.5 Parsing arguments and building values
    • 5.6 String conversion and formatting
  • 6. Abstract Objects Layer
    • 6.1 Object Protocol
    • 6.2 Number Protocol
    • 6.3 Sequence Protocol
    • 6.4 Mapping Protocol
    • 6.5 Iterator Protocol
    • 6.6 Buffer Protocol
  • 7. Concrete Objects Layer
    • 7.1 Fundamental Objects
      • 7.1.1 Type Objects
      • 7.1.2 The None Object
    • 7.2 Numeric Objects
      • 7.2.1 Plain Integer Objects
      • 7.2.2 Boolean Objects
      • 7.2.3 Long Integer Objects
      • 7.2.4 Floating Point Objects
      • 7.2.5 Complex Number Objects
    • 7.3 Sequence Objects
      • 7.3.1 String Objects
      • 7.3.2 Unicode Objects
      • 7.3.3 Buffer Objects
      • 7.3.4 Tuple Objects
      • 7.3.5 List Objects
    • 7.4 Mapping Objects
      • 7.4.1 Dictionary Objects
    • 7.5 Other Objects
      • 7.5.1 File Objects
      • 7.5.2 Instance Objects
      • 7.5.3 Function Objects
      • 7.5.4 Method Objects
      • 7.5.5 Module Objects
      • 7.5.6 Iterator Objects
      • 7.5.7 Descriptor Objects
      • 7.5.8 Slice Objects
      • 7.5.9 Weak Reference Objects
      • 7.5.10 CObjects
      • 7.5.11 Cell Objects
      • 7.5.12 Generator Objects
      • 7.5.13 DateTime Objects
      • 7.5.14 Set Objects
  • 8. Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
    • 8.1 Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
    • 8.2 Profiling and Tracing
    • 8.3 Advanced Debugger Support
  • 9. Memory Management
    • 9.1 Overview
    • 9.2 Memory Interface
    • 9.3 Examples
  • 10. Object Implementation Support
    • 10.1 Allocating Objects on the Heap
    • 10.2 Common Object Structures
    • 10.3 Type Objects
    • 10.4 Mapping Object Structures
    • 10.5 Number Object Structures
    • 10.6 Sequence Object Structures
    • 10.7 Buffer Object Structures
    • 10.8 Supporting the Iterator Protocol
    • 10.9 Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection
  • A. Reporting Bugs
  • B. History and License
    • B.1 History of the software
    • B.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
    • B.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
      • B.3.1 Mersenne Twister
      • B.3.2 Sockets
      • B.3.3 Floating point exception control
      • B.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
      • B.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
      • B.3.6 Cookie management
      • B.3.7 Profiling
      • B.3.8 Execution tracing
      • B.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
      • B.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
  • Index
  • About this document ...
• Documenting Python
  • Contents
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Directory Structure
  • 3 Style Guide
  • 4 LaTeX Primer
    • 4.1 Syntax
    • 4.2 Hierarchical Structure
    • 4.3 Common Environments
  • 5 Document Classes
  • 6 Special Markup Constructs
    • 6.1 Markup for the Preamble
    • 6.2 Meta-information Markup
    • 6.3 Information Units
    • 6.4 Showing Code Examples
    • 6.5 Inline Markup
    • 6.6 Miscellaneous Text Markup
    • 6.7 Module-specific Markup
    • 6.8 Library-level Markup
    • 6.9 Table Markup
    • 6.10 Reference List Markup
    • 6.11 Index-generating Markup
    • 6.12 Grammar Production Displays
    • 6.13 Graphical Interface Components
  • 7 Processing Tools
    • 7.1 External Tools
    • 7.2 Internal Tools
    • 7.3 Working on Cygwin
  • 8 Including Graphics
  • 9 Future Directions
    • 9.1 Structured Documentation
    • 9.2 Discussion Forums
  • About this document ...

Helpful Resources

• Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python
  • Front Matter
  • Contents
  • Intro
    • First things first
    • Installing Python
    • Interactive Mode
    • Creating and Running Programs
    • Using Python from the command line
  • Hello, World
    • What you should know
    • Printing
    • Expressions
    • Talking to humans (and other intelligent beings)
    • Examples
    • Exercises
  • Who Goes There?
    • Input and Variables
    • Examples
    • Exercises
  • Count to 10
    • While loops
    • Examples
  • Decisions
    • If statement
    • Examples
    • Exercises
  • Debugging
    • What is debugging?
    • What should the program do?
    • What does the program do?
    • How do I fix the program?
  • Defining Functions
    • Creating Functions
    • Variables in functions
    • Function walkthrough
    • Examples
    • Exercises
  • Lists
    • Variables with more than one value
    • More features of lists
    • Examples
    • Exercises
  • For Loops
  • Boolean Expressions
    • Examples
    • Exercises
  • Dictionaries
  • Using Modules
    • Exercises
  • More on Lists
  • Revenge of the Strings
    • Examples
  • File IO
    • Exercises
  • Dealing with the imperfect (or how to handle errors)
    • Exercises
  • The End
  • FAQ
  • About this document ...
• Dive Into Python
  • 1. Installing Python
    • 1.1. Which Python is right for you?
    • 1.2. Python on Windows
    • 1.3. Python on Mac OS X
    • 1.4. Python on Mac OS 9
    • 1.5. Python on RedHat Linux
    • 1.6. Python on Debian GNU/Linux
    • 1.7. Python Installation from Source
    • 1.8. The Interactive Shell
    • 1.9. Summary
  • 2. Your First Python Program
    • 2.1. Diving in
    • 2.2. Declaring Functions
      • 2.2.1. How Python's Datatypes Compare to Other Programming Languages
    • 2.3. Documenting Functions
    • 2.4. Everything Is an Object
      • 2.4.1. The Import Search Path
      • 2.4.2. What's an Object?
    • 2.5. Indenting Code
    • 2.6. Testing Modules
  • 3. Native Datatypes
    • 3.1. Introducing Dictionaries
      • 3.1.1. Defining Dictionaries
      • 3.1.2. Modifying Dictionaries
      • 3.1.3. Deleting Items From Dictionaries
    • 3.2. Introducing Lists
      • 3.2.1. Defining Lists
      • 3.2.2. Adding Elements to Lists
      • 3.2.3. Searching Lists
      • 3.2.4. Deleting List Elements
      • 3.2.5. Using List Operators
    • 3.3. Introducing Tuples
    • 3.4. Declaring variables
      • 3.4.1. Referencing Variables
      • 3.4.2. Assigning Multiple Values at Once
    • 3.5. Formatting Strings
    • 3.6. Mapping Lists
    • 3.7. Joining Lists and Splitting Strings
      • 3.7.1. Historical Note on String Methods
    • 3.8. Summary
  • 4. The Power Of Introspection
    • 4.1. Diving In
    • 4.2. Using Optional and Named Arguments
    • 4.3. Using type, str, dir, and Other Built-In Functions
      • 4.3.1. The type Function
      • 4.3.2. The str Function
      • 4.3.3. Built-In Functions
    • 4.4. Getting Object References With getattr
      • 4.4.1. getattr with Modules
      • 4.4.2. getattr As a Dispatcher
    • 4.5. Filtering Lists
    • 4.6. The Peculiar Nature of and and or
      • 4.6.1. Using the and-or Trick
    • 4.7. Using lambda Functions
      • 4.7.1. Real-World lambda Functions
    • 4.8. Putting It All Together
    • 4.9. Summary
  • 5. Objects and Object-Orientation
    • 5.1. Diving In
    • 5.2. Importing Modules Using from module import
    • 5.3. Defining Classes
      • 5.3.1. Initializing and Coding Classes
      • 5.3.2. Knowing When to Use self and __init__
    • 5.4. Instantiating Classes
      • 5.4.1. Garbage Collection
    • 5.5. Exploring UserDict: A Wrapper Class
    • 5.6. Special Class Methods
      • 5.6.1. Getting and Setting Items
    • 5.7. Advanced Special Class Methods
    • 5.8. Introducing Class Attributes
    • 5.9. Private Functions
    • 5.10. Summary
  • 6. Exceptions and File Handling
    • 6.1. Handling Exceptions
      • 6.1.1. Using Exceptions For Other Purposes
    • 6.2. Working with File Objects
      • 6.2.1. Reading Files
      • 6.2.2. Closing Files
      • 6.2.3. Handling I/O Errors
      • 6.2.4. Writing to Files
    • 6.3. Iterating with for Loops
    • 6.4. Using sys.modules
    • 6.5. Working with Directories
    • 6.6. Putting It All Together
    • 6.7. Summary
  • 7. Regular Expressions
    • 7.1. Diving In
    • 7.2. Case Study: Street Addresses
    • 7.3. Case Study: Roman Numerals
      • 7.3.1. Checking for Thousands
      • 7.3.2. Checking for Hundreds
    • 7.4. Using the {n,m} Syntax
      • 7.4.1. Checking for Tens and Ones
    • 7.5. Verbose Regular Expressions
    • 7.6. Case study: Parsing Phone Numbers
    • 7.7. Summary
  • 8. HTML Processing
    • 8.1. Diving in
    • 8.2. Introducing sgmllib.py
    • 8.3. Extracting data from HTML documents
    • 8.4. Introducing BaseHTMLProcessor.py
    • 8.5. locals and globals
    • 8.6. Dictionary-based string formatting
    • 8.7. Quoting attribute values
    • 8.8. Introducing dialect.py
    • 8.9. Putting it all together
    • 8.10. Summary
  • 9. XML Processing
    • 9.1. Diving in
    • 9.2. Packages
    • 9.3. Parsing XML
    • 9.4. Unicode
    • 9.5. Searching for elements
    • 9.6. Accessing element attributes
    • 9.7. Segue
  • 10. Scripts and Streams
    • 10.1. Abstracting input sources
    • 10.2. Standard input, output, and error
    • 10.3. Caching node lookups
    • 10.4. Finding direct children of a node
    • 10.5. Creating separate handlers by node type
    • 10.6. Handling command-line arguments
    • 10.7. Putting it all together
    • 10.8. Summary
  • 11. HTTP Web Services
    • 11.1. Diving in
    • 11.2. How not to fetch data over HTTP
    • 11.3. Features of HTTP
      • 11.3.1. User-Agent
      • 11.3.2. Redirects
      • 11.3.3. Last-Modified/If-Modified-Since
      • 11.3.4. ETag/If-None-Match
      • 11.3.5. Compression
    • 11.4. Debugging HTTP web services
    • 11.5. Setting the User-Agent
    • 11.6. Handling Last-Modified and ETag
    • 11.7. Handling redirects
    • 11.8. Handling compressed data
    • 11.9. Putting it all together
    • 11.10. Summary
  • 12. SOAP Web Services
    • 12.1. Diving In
    • 12.2. Installing the SOAP Libraries
      • 12.2.1. Installing PyXML
      • 12.2.2. Installing fpconst
      • 12.2.3. Installing SOAPpy
    • 12.3. First Steps with SOAP
    • 12.4. Debugging SOAP Web Services
    • 12.5. Introducing WSDL
    • 12.6. Introspecting SOAP Web Services with WSDL
    • 12.7. Searching Google
    • 12.8. Troubleshooting SOAP Web Services
    • 12.9. Summary
  • 13. Unit Testing
    • 13.1. Introduction to Roman numerals
    • 13.2. Diving in
    • 13.3. Introducing romantest.py
    • 13.4. Testing for success
    • 13.5. Testing for failure
    • 13.6. Testing for sanity
  • 14. Test-First Programming
    • 14.1. roman.py, stage 1
    • 14.2. roman.py, stage 2
    • 14.3. roman.py, stage 3
    • 14.4. roman.py, stage 4
    • 14.5. roman.py, stage 5
  • 15. Refactoring
    • 15.1. Handling bugs
    • 15.2. Handling changing requirements
    • 15.3. Refactoring
    • 15.4. Postscript
    • 15.5. Summary
  • 16. Functional Programming
    • 16.1. Diving in
    • 16.2. Finding the path
    • 16.3. Filtering lists revisited
    • 16.4. Mapping lists revisited
    • 16.5. Data-centric programming
    • 16.6. Dynamically importing modules
    • 16.7. Putting it all together
    • 16.8. Summary
  • 17. Dynamic functions
    • 17.1. Diving in
    • 17.2. plural.py, stage 1
    • 17.3. plural.py, stage 2
    • 17.4. plural.py, stage 3
    • 17.5. plural.py, stage 4
    • 17.6. plural.py, stage 5
    • 17.7. plural.py, stage 6
    • 17.8. Summary
  • 18. Performance Tuning
    • 18.1. Diving in
    • 18.2. Using the timeit Module
    • 18.3. Optimizing Regular Expressions
    • 18.4. Optimizing Dictionary Lookups
    • 18.5. Optimizing List Operations
    • 18.6. Optimizing String Manipulation
    • 18.7. Summary
  • A. Further reading
  • B. A 5-minute review
  • C. Tips and tricks
  • D. List of examples
  • E. Revision history
  • F. About the book
  • G. GNU Free Documentation License
    • G.0. Preamble
    • G.1. Applicability and definitions
    • G.2. Verbatim copying
    • G.3. Copying in quantity
    • G.4. Modifications
    • G.5. Combining documents
    • G.6. Collections of documents
    • G.7. Aggregation with independent works
    • G.8. Translation
    • G.9. Termination
    • G.10. Future revisions of this license
    • G.11. How to use this License for your documents
  • H. Python license
    • H.A. History of the software
    • H.B. Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
      • H.B.1. PSF license agreement
      • H.B.2. BeOpen Python open source license agreement version 1
      • H.B.3. CNRI open source GPL-compatible license agreement
      • H.B.4. CWI permissions statement and disclaimer
• Python FAQs
  • General Programming FAQ
  • Programming FAQ
  • Library and Extension FAQ
  • Extending/Embedding FAQ
  • Windows FAQ
  • GUI Programming FAQ
  • "Why is Python Installed on my Computer?" FAQ
• Python HOWTOs
  • Python Advocacy HOWTO
  • Curses Programming with Python
  • Regular Expression HOWTO
  • Socket Programming HOWTO
  • Idioms and Anti-Idioms in Python
  • Unicode HOWTO
  • HOWTO Fetch Internet Resources Using urllib2
• Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs)
  • PEP 0 -- Index of Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs)
  • PEP 1 -- PEP Purpose and Guidelines
  • PEP 2 -- Procedure for Adding New Modules
  • PEP 3 -- Guidelines for Handling Bug Reports
  • PEP 4 -- Deprecation of Standard Modules
  • PEP 5 -- Guidelines for Language Evolution
  • PEP 6 -- Bug Fix Releases
  • PEP 7 -- Style Guide for C Code
  • PEP 8 -- Style Guide for Python Code
  • PEP 9 -- Sample Plaintext PEP Template
  • PEP 10 -- Voting Guidelines
  • PEP 11 -- Removing support for little used platforms
  • PEP 12 -- Sample reStructuredText PEP Template
  • PEP 20 -- The Zen of Python
  • PEP 42 -- Feature Requests
  • PEP 100 -- Python Unicode Integration
  • PEP 101 -- Doing Python Releases 101
  • PEP 102 -- Doing Python Micro Releases
  • PEP 160 -- Python 1.6 Release Schedule
  • PEP 200 -- Python 2.0 Release Schedule
  • PEP 201 -- Lockstep Iteration
  • PEP 202 -- List Comprehensions
  • PEP 203 -- Augmented Assignments
  • PEP 204 -- Range Literals
  • PEP 205 -- Weak References
  • PEP 206 -- Python Advanced Library
  • PEP 207 -- Rich Comparisons
  • PEP 208 -- Reworking the Coercion Model
  • PEP 209 -- Multi-dimensional Arrays
  • PEP 210 -- Decoupling the Interpreter Loop
  • PEP 211 -- Adding A New Outer Product Operator
  • PEP 212 -- Loop Counter Iteration
  • PEP 213 -- Attribute Access Handlers
  • PEP 214 -- Extended Print Statement
  • PEP 215 -- String Interpolation
  • PEP 216 -- Docstring Format
  • PEP 217 -- Display Hook for Interactive Use
  • PEP 218 -- Adding a Built-In Set Object Type
  • PEP 219 -- Stackless Python
  • PEP 220 -- Coroutines, Generators, Continuations
  • PEP 221 -- Import As
  • PEP 222 -- Web Library Enhancements
  • PEP 223 -- Change the Meaning of \x Escapes
  • PEP 224 -- Attribute Docstrings
  • PEP 225 -- Elementwise/Objectwise Operators
  • PEP 226 -- Python 2.1 Release Schedule
  • PEP 227 -- Statically Nested Scopes
  • PEP 228 -- Reworking Python's Numeric Model
  • PEP 229 -- Using Distutils to Build Python
  • PEP 230 -- Warning Framework
  • PEP 231 -- __findattr__()
  • PEP 232 -- Function Attributes
  • PEP 233 -- Python Online Help
  • PEP 234 -- Iterators
  • PEP 235 -- Import on Case-Insensitive Platforms
  • PEP 236 -- Back to the __future__
  • PEP 237 -- Unifying Long Integers and Integers
  • PEP 238 -- Changing the Division Operator
  • PEP 239 -- Adding a Rational Type to Python
  • PEP 240 -- Adding a Rational Literal to Python
  • PEP 241 -- Metadata for Python Software Packages
  • PEP 242 -- Numeric Kinds
  • PEP 243 -- Module Repository Upload Mechanism
  • PEP 244 -- The `directive' statement
  • PEP 245 -- Python Interface Syntax
  • PEP 246 -- Object Adaptation
  • PEP 247 -- API for Cryptographic Hash Functions
  • PEP 248 -- Python Database API Specification v1.0
  • PEP 249 -- Python Database API Specification v2.0
  • PEP 250 -- Using site-packages on Windows
  • PEP 251 -- Python 2.2 Release Schedule
  • PEP 252 -- Making Types Look More Like Classes
  • PEP 253 -- Subtyping Built-in Types
  • PEP 254 -- Making Classes Look More Like Types
  • PEP 255 -- Simple Generators
  • PEP 256 -- Docstring Processing System Framework
  • PEP 257 -- Docstring Conventions
  • PEP 258 -- Docutils Design Specification
  • PEP 259 -- Omit printing newline after newline
  • PEP 260 -- Simplify xrange()
  • PEP 261 -- Support for "wide" Unicode characters
  • PEP 262 -- A Database of Installed Python Packages
  • PEP 0263 -- Defining Python Source Code Encodings
  • PEP 264 -- Future statements in simulated shells
  • PEP 265 -- Sorting Dictionaries by Value
  • PEP 266 -- Optimizing Global Variable/Attribute Access
  • PEP 267 -- Optimized Access to Module Namespaces
  • PEP 268 -- Extended HTTP functionality and WebDAV
  • PEP 269 -- Pgen Module for Python
  • PEP 270 -- uniq method for list objects
  • PEP 271 -- Prefixing sys.path by command line option
  • PEP 272 -- API for Block Encryption Algorithms v1.0
  • PEP 273 -- Import Modules from Zip Archives
  • PEP 274 -- Dict Comprehensions
  • PEP 0275 -- Switching on Multiple Values
  • PEP 276 -- Simple Iterator for ints
  • PEP 277 -- Unicode file name support for Windows NT
  • PEP 278 -- Universal Newline Support
  • PEP 279 -- The enumerate() built-in function
  • PEP 280 -- Optimizing access to globals
  • PEP 281 -- Loop Counter Iteration with range and xrange
  • PEP 282 -- A Logging System
  • PEP 283 -- Python 2.3 Release Schedule
  • PEP 284 -- Integer for-loops
  • PEP 285 -- Adding a bool type
  • PEP 286 -- Enhanced Argument Tuples
  • PEP 287 -- reStructuredText Docstring Format
  • PEP 288 -- Generators Attributes and Exceptions
  • PEP 289 -- Generator Expressions
  • PEP 290 -- Code Migration and Modernization
  • PEP 291 -- Backward Compatibility for Standard Library
  • PEP 292 -- Simpler String Substitutions
  • PEP 293 -- Codec Error Handling Callbacks
  • PEP 294 -- Type Names in the types Module
  • PEP 295 -- Interpretation of multiline string constants
  • PEP 296 -- Adding a bytes Object Type
  • PEP 297 -- Support for System Upgrades
  • PEP 298 -- The Locked Buffer Interface
  • PEP 299 -- Special __main__() function in modules
  • PEP 301 -- Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
  • PEP 302 -- New Import Hooks
  • PEP 303 -- Extend divmod() for Multiple Divisors
  • PEP 304 -- Controlling Generation of Bytecode Files
  • PEP 305 -- CSV File API
  • PEP 306 -- How to Change Python's Grammar
  • PEP 307 -- Extensions to the pickle protocol
  • PEP 308 -- Conditional Expressions
  • PEP 309 -- Partial Function Application
  • PEP 310 -- Reliable Acquisition/Release Pairs
  • PEP 311 -- Simplified Global Interpreter Lock Acquisition for Extensions
  • PEP 312 -- Simple Implicit Lambda
  • PEP 313 -- Adding Roman Numeral Literals to Python
  • PEP 314 -- Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
  • PEP 315 -- Enhanced While Loop
  • PEP 316 -- Programming by Contract for Python
  • PEP 317 -- Eliminate Implicit Exception Instantiation
  • PEP 318 -- Decorators for Functions and Methods
  • PEP 319 -- Python Synchronize/Asynchronize Block
  • PEP 320 -- Python 2.4 Release Schedule
  • PEP 321 -- Date/Time Parsing and Formatting
  • PEP 322 -- Reverse Iteration
  • PEP 323 -- Copyable Iterators
  • PEP 324 -- subprocess - New process module
  • PEP 325 -- Resource-Release Support for Generators
  • PEP 326 -- A Case for Top and Bottom Values
  • PEP 327 -- Decimal Data Type
  • PEP 328 -- Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relative
  • PEP 329 -- Treating Builtins as Constants in the Standard Library
  • PEP 330 -- Python Bytecode Verification
  • PEP 331 -- Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
  • PEP 332 -- Byte vectors and String/Unicode Unification
  • PEP 333 -- Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0
  • PEP 334 -- Simple Coroutines via SuspendIteration
  • PEP 335 -- Overloadable Boolean Operators
  • PEP 336 -- Make None Callable
  • PEP 337 -- Logging Usage in the Standard Library
  • PEP 338 -- Executing modules as scripts
  • PEP 339 -- Design of the CPython Compiler
  • PEP 340 -- Anonymous Block Statements
  • PEP 341 -- Unifying try-except and try-finally
  • PEP 342 -- Coroutines via Enhanced Generators
  • PEP 343 -- The "with" Statement
  • PEP 344 -- Exception Chaining and Embedded Tracebacks
  • PEP 345 -- Metadata for Python Software Packages 1.2
  • PEP 346 -- User Defined ("with") Statements
  • PEP 347 -- Migrating the Python CVS to Subversion
  • PEP 348 -- Exception Reorganization for Python 3.0
  • PEP 349 -- Allow str() to return unicode strings
  • PEP 350 -- Codetags
  • PEP 351 -- The freeze protocol
  • PEP 352 -- Required Superclass for Exceptions
  • PEP 353 -- Using ssize_t as the index type
  • PEP 354 -- Enumerations in Python
  • PEP 355 -- Path - Object oriented filesystem paths
  • PEP 356 -- Python 2.5 Release Schedule
  • PEP 357 -- Allowing Any Object to be Used for Slicing
  • PEP 358 -- The "bytes" Object
  • PEP 359 -- The "make" Statement
  • PEP 360 -- Externally Maintained Packages
  • PEP 361 -- Python 2.6 and 3.0 Release Schedule
  • PEP 362 -- Function Signature Object
  • PEP 363 -- Syntax For Dynamic Attribute Access
  • PEP 364 -- Transitioning to the Py3K Standard Library
  • PEP 365 -- Adding the pkg_resources module
  • PEP 366 -- Main module explicit relative imports
  • PEP 367 -- New Super
  • PEP 368 -- Standard image protocol and class
  • PEP 369 -- Post import hooks
  • PEP 370 -- Per user site-packages directory
  • PEP 371 -- Addition of the multiprocessing package to the standard library
  • PEP 372 -- Adding an ordered dictionary to collections
  • PEP 666 -- Reject Foolish Indentation
  • PEP 754 -- IEEE 754 Floating Point Special Values
  • PEP 3000 -- Python 3000
  • PEP 3001 -- Procedure for reviewing and improving standard library modules
  • PEP 3002 -- Procedure for Backwards-Incompatible Changes
  • PEP 3099 -- Things that will Not Change in Python 3000
  • PEP 3100 -- Miscellaneous Python 3.0 Plans
  • PEP 3101 -- Advanced String Formatting
  • PEP 3102 -- Keyword-Only Arguments
  • PEP 3103 -- A Switch/Case Statement
  • PEP 3104 -- Access to Names in Outer Scopes
  • PEP 3105 -- Make print a function
  • PEP 3106 -- Revamping dict.keys(), .values() and .items()
  • PEP 3107 -- Function Annotations
  • PEP 3108 -- Standard Library Reorganization
  • PEP 3109 -- Raising Exceptions in Python 3000
  • PEP 3110 -- Catching Exceptions in Python 3000
  • PEP 3111 -- Simple input built-in in Python 3000
  • PEP 3112 -- Bytes literals in Python 3000
  • PEP 3113 -- Removal of Tuple Parameter Unpacking
  • PEP 3114 -- Renaming iterator.next() to iterator.__next__()
  • PEP 3115 -- Metaclasses in Python 3000
  • PEP 3116 -- New I/O
  • PEP 3117 -- Postfix type declarations
  • PEP 3118 -- Revising the buffer protocol
  • PEP 3119 -- Introducing Abstract Base Classes
  • PEP 3120 -- Using UTF-8 as the default source encoding
  • PEP 3121 -- Extension Module Initialization and Finalization
  • PEP 3122 -- Delineation of the main module
  • PEP 3123 -- Making PyObject_HEAD conform to standard C
  • PEP 3124 -- Overloading, Generic Functions, Interfaces, and Adaptation
  • PEP 3125 -- Remove Backslash Continuation
  • PEP 3126 -- Remove Implicit String Concatenation
  • PEP 3127 -- Integer Literal Support and Syntax
  • PEP 3128 -- BList: A Faster List-like Type
  • PEP 3129 -- Class Decorators
  • PEP 3130 -- Access to Current Module/Class/Function
  • PEP 3131 -- Supporting Non-ASCII Identifiers
  • PEP 3132 -- Extended Iterable Unpacking
  • PEP 3133 -- Introducing Roles
  • PEP 3134 -- Exception Chaining and Embedded Tracebacks
  • PEP 3135 -- New Super
  • PEP 3136 -- Labeled break and continue
  • PEP 3137 -- Immutable Bytes and Mutable Buffer
  • PEP 3138 -- String representation in Python 3000
  • PEP 3139 -- Cleaning out sys and the "interpreter" module
  • PEP 3140 -- str(container) should call str(item), not repr(item)
  • PEP 3141 -- A Type Hierarchy for Numbers

PyWin32 Documentation

• Win32 API
  • Overviews
    • Recursive directory deletes and special files
    • Windows NT Eventlog
    • Windows NT Eventlog and Threading
    • Windows NT Files -- Locking
    • Windows NT Security -- Impersonation
    • Directory permissions with GetNamedSecurityInfo
    • Getting process info (with some COM thrown it!)
    • Windows NT/2000 Networking with the win32net module
  • Modules
    • _winxptheme
      • CloseThemeData
      • DrawThemeBackground
      • DrawThemeText
      • EnableThemeDialogTexture
      • EnableTheming
      • GetCurrentThemeName
      • GetThemeAppProperties
      • GetThemeBackgroundContentRect
      • GetThemeBackgroundExtent
      • GetWindowTheme
      • IsAppThemed
      • IsThemeActive
      • IsThemeDialogTextureEnabled
      • OpenThemeData
      • SetWindowTheme
    • mmapfile
      • mmapfile
    • odbc
      • SQLDataSources
      • odbc
    • perfmon
      • CounterDefinition
      • LoadPerfCounterTextStrings
      • ObjectType
      • PerfMonManager
      • UnloadPerfCounterTextStrings
    • pywintypes
      • ACL
      • CreateGuid
      • DosDateTimeToTime
      • HANDLE
      • HKEY
      • IID
      • IsTextUnicode
      • OVERLAPPED
      • SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES
      • SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR
      • SID
      • Time
      • Unicode
      • UnicodeFromRaw
      • WAVEFORMATEX
    • servicemanager
      • CoInitializeEx
      • CoUninitialize
      • Debugging
      • Finalize
      • Initialize
      • LogErrorMsg
      • LogInfoMsg
      • LogMsg
      • LogWarningMsg
      • PrepareToHostMultiple
      • PrepareToHostSingle
      • PumpWaitingMessages
      • RegisterServiceCtrlHandler
      • RunningAsService
      • SetEventSourceName
    • timer
      • kill_timer
      • set_timer
    • win2kras
    • win32api
      • AbortSystemShutdown
      • Apply
      • Beep
      • BeginUpdateResource
      • ChangeDisplaySettings
      • ChangeDisplaySettingsEx
      • ClipCursor
      • CloseHandle
      • CopyFile
      • DebugBreak
      • DeleteFile
      • DragFinish
      • DragQueryFile
      • DuplicateHandle
      • EndUpdateResource
      • EnumDisplayDevices
      • EnumDisplayMonitors
      • EnumDisplaySettings
      • EnumDisplaySettingsEx
      • EnumResourceLanguages
      • EnumResourceNames
      • EnumResourceTypes
      • ExitWindows
      • ExitWindowsEx
      • ExpandEnvironmentStrings
      • FindCloseChangeNotification
      • FindExecutable
      • FindFiles
      • FindFirstChangeNotification
      • FindNextChangeNotification
      • FormatMessage
      • FormatMessageW
      • FreeLibrary
      • GenerateConsoleCtrlEvent
      • GetAsyncKeyState
      • GetCommandLine
      • GetComputerName
      • GetComputerNameEx
      • GetComputerObjectName
      • GetConsoleTitle
      • GetCurrentProcess
      • GetCurrentProcessId
      • GetCurrentThread
      • GetCurrentThreadId
      • GetCursorPos
      • GetDateFormat
      • GetDiskFreeSpace
      • GetDiskFreeSpaceEx
      • GetDllDirectory
      • GetDomainName
      • GetEnvironmentVariable
      • GetFileAttributes
      • GetFileVersionInfo
      • GetFocus
      • GetFullPathName
      • GetHandleInformation
      • GetKeyState
      • GetKeyboardLayoutList
      • GetKeyboardState
      • GetLastError
      • GetLocalTime
      • GetLogicalDriveStrings
      • GetLogicalDrives
      • GetLongPathName
      • GetLongPathNameW
      • GetModuleFileName
      • GetModuleFileNameW
      • GetModuleHandle
      • GetMonitorInfo
      • GetProcAddress
      • GetProfileSection
      • GetProfileVal
      • GetShortPathName
      • GetStdHandle
      • GetSysColor
      • GetSystemDefaultLCID
      • GetSystemDefaultLangID
      • GetSystemDirectory
      • GetSystemFileCacheSize
      • GetSystemInfo
      • GetSystemMetrics
      • GetSystemTime
      • GetTempFileName
      • GetTempPath
      • GetThreadLocale
      • GetTickCount
      • GetTimeFormat
      • GetTimeZoneInformation
      • GetUserDefaultLCID
      • GetUserDefaultLangID
      • GetUserName
      • GetUserNameEx
      • GetVersion
      • GetVersionEx
      • GetVolumeInformation
      • GetWindowLong
      • GetWindowsDirectory
      • GlobalMemoryStatus
      • GlobalMemoryStatusEx
      • HIBYTE
      • HIWORD
      • InitiateSystemShutdown
      • LOBYTE
      • LOWORD
      • LoadCursor
      • LoadKeyboardLayout
      • LoadLibrary
      • LoadLibraryEx
      • LoadResource
      • LoadString
      • MAKELANGID
      • MAKELONG
      • MAKEWORD
      • MessageBeep
      • MessageBox
      • MonitorFromPoint
      • MonitorFromRect
      • MonitorFromWindow
      • MoveFile
      • MoveFileEx
      • OpenProcess
      • OutputDebugString
      • PostMessage
      • PostQuitMessage
      • PostThreadMessage
      • RGB
      • RegCloseKey
      • RegConnectRegistry
      • RegCopyTree
      • RegCreateKey
      • RegCreateKeyEx
      • RegDeleteKey
      • RegDeleteKeyEx
      • RegDeleteTree
      • RegDeleteValue
      • RegEnumKey
      • RegEnumKeyEx
      • RegEnumKeyExW
      • RegEnumValue
      • RegFlushKey
      • RegGetKeySecurity
      • RegLoadKey
      • RegNotifyChangeKeyValue
      • RegOpenCurrentUser
      • RegOpenKey
      • RegOpenKeyEx
      • RegOpenKeyTransacted
      • RegOverridePredefKey
      • RegQueryInfoKey
      • RegQueryInfoKeyW
      • RegQueryValue
      • RegQueryValueEx
      • RegRestoreKey
      • RegSaveKey
      • RegSaveKeyEx
      • RegSetKeySecurity
      • RegSetValue
      • RegSetValueEx
      • RegUnLoadKey
      • RegisterWindowMessage
      • SearchPath
      • SendMessage
      • SetClassLong
      • SetClassWord
      • SetConsoleCtrlHandler
      • SetConsoleTitle
      • SetCursor
      • SetCursorPos
      • SetDllDirectory
      • SetEnvironmentVariable
      • SetErrorMode
      • SetFileAttributes
      • SetHandleInformation
      • SetLastError
      • SetLocalTime
      • SetStdHandle
      • SetSysColors
      • SetSystemFileCacheSize
      • SetSystemPowerState
      • SetSystemTime
      • SetThreadLocale
      • SetWindowLong
      • SetWindowWord
      • ShellExecute
      • ShowCursor
      • Sleep
      • TerminateProcess
      • Unicode
      • UpdateResource
      • VkKeyScan
      • VkKeyScan
      • WinExec
      • WinHelp
      • WriteProfileSection
      • WriteProfileVal
      • keybd_event
      • mouse_event
    • win32clipboard
      • ChangeClipboardChain
      • CloseClipboard
      • CountClipboardFormats
      • EmptyClipboard
      • EnumClipboardFormats
      • GetClipboardData
      • GetClipboardDataHandle
      • GetClipboardFormatName
      • GetClipboardOwner
      • GetClipboardSequenceNumber
      • GetClipboardViewer
      • GetGlobalMemory
      • GetOpenClipboardWindow
      • GetPriorityClipboardFormat
      • IsClipboardFormatAvailable
      • OpenClipboard
      • RegisterClipboardFormat
      • SetClipboardData
      • SetClipboardText
      • SetClipboardViewer
    • win32console
      • AddConsoleAlias
      • AllocConsole
      • AttachConsole
      • CreateConsoleScreenBuffer
      • FreeConsole
      • GenerateConsoleCtrlEvent
      • GetConsoleAliasExes
      • GetConsoleAliases
      • GetConsoleCP
      • GetConsoleDisplayMode
      • GetConsoleOutputCP
      • GetConsoleProcessList
      • GetConsoleSelectionInfo
      • GetConsoleTitle
      • GetConsoleWindow
      • GetNumberOfConsoleFonts
      • GetStdHandle
      • SetConsoleCP
      • SetConsoleOutputCP
      • SetConsoleTitle
    • win32cred
      • CredDelete
      • CredEnumerate
      • CredGetTargetInfo
      • CredIsMarshaledCredential
      • CredMarshalCredential
      • CredRead
      • CredReadDomainCredentials
      • CredRename
      • CredUICmdLinePromptForCredentials
      • CredUIConfirmCredentials
      • CredUIParseUserName
      • CredUIPromptForCredentials
      • CredUIReadSSOCredW
      • CredUIStoreSSOCredW
      • CredUnmarshalCredential
      • CredWrite
      • CredWriteDomainCredentials
    • win32crypt
      • CryptProtectData
      • CryptUnprotectData
    • win32event
      • CancelWaitableTimer
      • CreateEvent
      • CreateMutex
      • CreateSemaphore
      • MsgWaitForMultipleObjects
      • MsgWaitForMultipleObjectsEx
      • OpenEvent
      • OpenMutex
      • OpenSemaphore
      • OpenWaitableTimer
      • PulseEvent
      • ReleaseMutex
      • ReleaseSemaphore
      • ResetEvent
      • SetEvent
      • SetWaitableTimer
      • WaitForInputIdle
      • WaitForMultipleObjects
      • WaitForMultipleObjectsEx
      • WaitForSingleObject
      • WaitForSingleObjectEx
    • win32evtlog
      • BackupEventLog
      • ClearEventLog
      • CloseEventLog
      • DeregisterEventSource
      • GetNumberOfEventLogRecords
      • GetOldestEventLogRecord
      • NotifyChangeEventLog
      • OpenBackupEventLog
      • OpenEventLog
      • ReadEventLog
      • RegisterEventSource
      • ReportEvent
    • win32file
      • AcceptEx
      • AddUsersToEncryptedFile
      • AllocateReadBuffer
      • AreFileApisANSI
      • BackupRead
      • BackupSeek
      • BackupWrite
      • BuildCommDCB
      • CancelIo
      • ClearCommBreak
      • ClearCommError
      • CloseEncryptedFileRaw
      • CloseHandle
      • CopyFile
      • CopyFileEx
      • CopyFileW
      • CreateDirectory
      • CreateDirectoryEx
      • CreateDirectoryExW
      • CreateDirectoryW
      • CreateFile
      • CreateFileW
      • CreateHardLink
      • CreateIoCompletionPort
      • CreateMailslot
      • CreateSymbolicLink
      • DecryptFile
      • DefineDosDevice
      • DefineDosDeviceW
      • DeleteFile
      • DeleteFileW
      • DeleteVolumeMountPoint
      • DeviceIoControl
      • DuplicateEncryptionInfoFile
      • EncryptFile
      • EncryptionDisable
      • EscapeCommFunction
      • FILE_NOTIFY_INFORMATION
      • FileEncryptionStatus
      • FindClose
      • FindCloseChangeNotification
      • FindFileNames
      • FindFilesIterator
      • FindFilesW
      • FindFirstChangeNotification
      • FindNextChangeNotification
      • FindStreams
      • FlushFileBuffers
      • GetAcceptExSockaddrs
      • GetBinaryType
      • GetCommMask
      • GetCommModemStatus
      • GetCommState
      • GetCommTimeouts
      • GetCompressedFileSize
      • GetDiskFreeSpace
      • GetDiskFreeSpaceEx
      • GetDriveType
      • GetDriveTypeW
      • GetFileAttributes
      • GetFileAttributesEx
      • GetFileAttributesW
      • GetFileInformationByHandle
      • GetFileSize
      • GetFileTime
      • GetFileType
      • GetFinalPathNameByHandle
      • GetFullPathName
      • GetLogicalDrives
      • GetLongPathName
      • GetMailslotInfo
      • GetOverlappedResult
      • GetQueuedCompletionStatus
      • GetVolumeNameForVolumeMountPoint
      • GetVolumePathName
      • GetVolumePathNamesForVolumeName
      • LockFile
      • LockFileEx
      • MoveFile
      • MoveFileEx
      • MoveFileExW
      • MoveFileW
      • MoveFileWithProgress
      • OpenEncryptedFileRaw
      • PostQueuedCompletionStatus
      • PurgeComm
      • QueryDosDevice
      • QueryRecoveryAgentsOnEncryptedFile
      • QueryUsersOnEncryptedFile
      • ReadDirectoryChangesW
      • ReadEncryptedFileRaw
      • ReadFile
      • RemoveDirectory
      • RemoveUsersFromEncryptedFile
      • ReplaceFile
      • SetCommBreak
      • SetCommMask
      • SetCommState
      • SetCommTimeouts
      • SetCurrentDirectory
      • SetEndOfFile
      • SetFileApisToANSI
      • SetFileApisToOEM
      • SetFileAttributes
      • SetFileAttributesW
      • SetFilePointer
      • SetFileShortName
      • SetFileTime
      • SetMailslotInfo
      • SetVolumeLabel
      • SetVolumeMountPoint
      • SetupComm
      • SfcGetNextProtectedFile
      • SfcIsFileProtected
      • TransmitCommChar
      • UnlockFile
      • UnlockFileEx
      • WSAAsyncSelect
      • WSAEventSelect
      • WSARecv
      • WSASend
      • WaitCommEvent
      • WriteEncryptedFileRaw
      • WriteFile
      • _get_osfhandle
      • _getmaxstdio
      • _open_osfhandle
      • _setmaxstdio
    • win32gui
      • AbortPath
      • AlphaBlend
      • AngleArc
      • AnimateWindow
      • AppendMenu
      • Arc
      • ArcTo
      • BeginPaint
      • BeginPath
      • BitBlt
      • BringWindowToTop
      • CallWindowProc
      • CheckMenuItem
      • CheckMenuRadioItem
      • ChildWindowFromPoint
      • ChildWindowFromPoint
      • Chord
      • ClientToScreen
      • CloseFigure
      • CloseWindow
      • CombineRgn
      • CombineTransform
      • CommDlgExtendedError
      • CopyIcon
      • CreateAcceleratorTable
      • CreateBitmap
      • CreateBrushIndirect
      • CreateCaret
      • CreateCompatibleBitmap
      • CreateCompatibleDC
      • CreateDC
      • CreateDialogIndirect
      • CreateEllipticRgnIndirect
      • CreateFontIndirect
      • CreateHatchBrush
      • CreateIconFromResource
      • CreateIconIndirect
      • CreateMenu
      • CreatePatternBrush
      • CreatePen
      • CreatePolygonRgn
      • CreatePopupMenu
      • CreateRectRgnIndirect
      • CreateRoundRectRgn
      • CreateSolidBrush
      • CreateWindow
      • CreateWindowEx
      • DefWindowProc
      • DeleteDC
      • DeleteMenu
      • DeleteObject
      • DestroyAccleratorTable
      • DestroyCaret
      • DestroyIcon
      • DestroyMenu
      • DestroyWindow
      • DialogBox
      • DialogBoxIndirect
      • DialogBoxIndirectParam
      • DialogBoxIndirectParam
      • DialogBoxParam
      • DispatchMessage
      • DragAcceptFiles
      • DragDetect
      • DrawAnimatedRects
      • DrawEdge
      • DrawFocusRect
      • DrawIcon
      • DrawIconEx
      • DrawMenuBar
      • DrawText
      • DrawTextW
      • Ellipse
      • EnableMenuItem
      • EnableWindow
      • EndDialog
      • EndPaint
      • EndPath
      • EnumChildWindows
      • EnumFontFamilies
      • EnumPropsEx
      • EnumThreadWindows
      • EnumWindows
      • EqualRgn
      • ExtCreatePen
      • ExtFloodFill
      • ExtTextOut
      • ExtractIcon
      • ExtractIconEx
      • FillPath
      • FillRect
      • FillRgn
      • FindWindow
      • FindWindowEx
      • FlashWindow
      • FlashWindowEx
      • FlattenPath
      • FrameRect
      • FrameRgn
      • GetActiveWindow
      • GetArcDirection
      • GetBkColor
      • GetBkMode
      • GetCapture
      • GetCaretPos
      • GetClassLong
      • GetClassName
      • GetClientRect
      • GetCurrentObject
      • GetCurrentPositionEx
      • GetCursor
      • GetCursorInfo
      • GetCursorPos
      • GetDC
      • GetDesktopWindow
      • GetDlgCtrlID
      • GetDlgItem
      • GetDlgItemInt
      • GetDlgItemText
      • GetDoubleClickTime
      • GetFocus
      • GetForegroundWindow
      • GetGraphicsMode
      • GetIconInfo
      • GetLayeredWindowAttributes
      • GetLayout
      • GetMapMode
      • GetMenu
      • GetMenuDefaultItem
      • GetMenuInfo
      • GetMenuItemCount
      • GetMenuItemID
      • GetMenuItemInfo
      • GetMenuItemRect
      • GetMenuState
      • GetMessage
      • GetMiterLimit
      • GetNextDlgGroupItem
      • GetNextDlgTabItem
      • GetObject
      • GetObjectType
      • GetOpenFileName
      • GetOpenFileNameW
      • GetParent
      • GetPath
      • GetPixel
      • GetPolyFillMode
      • GetROP2
      • GetRgnBox
      • GetSaveFileNameW
      • GetScrollInfo
      • GetStockObject
      • GetStretchBltMode
      • GetSubMenu
      • GetSysColor
      • GetSysColorBrush
      • GetSystemMenu
      • GetTextAlign
      • GetTextCharacterExtra
      • GetTextColor
      • GetTextExtentPoint32
      • GetTextFace
      • GetTextMetrics
      • GetUpdateRgn
      • GetViewportExtEx
      • GetViewportOrgEx
      • GetWindow
      • GetWindowDC
      • GetWindowExtEx
      • GetWindowLong
      • GetWindowOrgEx
      • GetWindowPlacement
      • GetWindowRect
      • GetWindowRgn
      • GetWindowRgnBox
      • GetWindowText
      • GetWorldTransform
      • GradientFill
      • HideCaret
      • ImageList_Add
      • ImageList_Create
      • ImageList_Destroy
      • ImageList_Draw
      • ImageList_DrawEx
      • ImageList_GetIcon
      • ImageList_GetImageCount
      • ImageList_LoadBitmap
      • ImageList_LoadImage
      • ImageList_Remove
      • ImageList_Replace
      • ImageList_ReplaceIcon
      • ImageList_SetBkColor
      • ImageList_SetOverlayImage
      • InitCommonControls
      • InitCommonControlsEx
      • InsertMenu
      • InsertMenuItem
      • InvalidateRect
      • InvalidateRgn
      • InvertRect
      • InvertRgn
      • IsChild
      • IsIconic
      • IsWindow
      • IsWindowEnabled
      • IsWindowVisible
      • LOGFONT
      • LineTo
      • ListView_SortItems
      • ListView_SortItemsEx
      • LoadCursor
      • LoadIcon
      • LoadImage
      • LoadMenu
      • MaskBlt
      • MessageBeep
      • MessageBox
      • ModifyMenu
      • ModifyWorldTransform
      • MoveToEx
      • MoveWindow
      • OffsetRgn
      • PaintDesktop
      • PaintRgn
      • PatBlt
      • PathToRegion
      • PeekMessage
      • Pie
      • PlgBlt
      • PolyBezier
      • PolyBezierTo
      • Polygon
      • Polyline
      • PolylineTo
      • PostMessage
      • PostQuitMessage
      • PostThreadMessage
      • PtInRect
      • PtInRegion
      • PumpMessages
      • PumpWaitingMessages
      • PyGetArraySignedLong
      • PyGetBufferAddressAndLen
      • PyGetString
      • PyMakeBuffer
      • PySetMemory
      • PySetString
      • RectInRegion
      • Rectangle
      • RedrawWindow
      • RegisterClass
      • RegisterDeviceNotification
      • RegisterWindowMessage
      • ReleaseCapture
      • ReleaseDC
      • RemoveMenu
      • ReplyMessage
      • RestoreDC
      • RoundRect
      • SaveDC
      • ScreenToClient
      • ScrollWindowEx
      • SelectObject
      • SendMessage
      • SendMessageTimeout
      • SetActiveWindow
      • SetArcDirection
      • SetBkColor
      • SetBkMode
      • SetCapture
      • SetCaretPos
      • SetCursor
      • SetDlgItemInt
      • SetDlgItemText
      • SetDoubleClickTime
      • SetFocus
      • SetForegroundWindow
      • SetGraphicsMode
      • SetLayeredWindowAttributes
      • SetLayout
      • SetMapMode
      • SetMenu
      • SetMenuDefaultItem
      • SetMenuInfo
      • SetMenuItemBitmaps
      • SetMenuItemInfo
      • SetMiterLimit
      • SetParent
      • SetPixel
      • SetPixelV
      • SetPolyFillMode
      • SetROP2
      • SetRectRgn
      • SetScrollInfo
      • SetStretchBltMode
      • SetTextAlign
      • SetTextCharacterExtra
      • SetTextColor
      • SetViewportExtEx
      • SetViewportOrgEx
      • SetWindowExtEx
      • SetWindowLong
      • SetWindowOrgEx
      • SetWindowPlacement
      • SetWindowPos
      • SetWindowRgn
      • SetWindowText
      • SetWorldTransform
      • Shell_NotifyIcon
      • ShowCaret
      • ShowWindow
      • StretchBlt
      • StrokeAndFillPath
      • StrokePath
      • SystemParametersInfo
      • TrackPopupMenu
      • TranslateAccelerator
      • TranslateMessage
      • TransparentBlt
      • UnregisterClass
      • UnregisterDeviceNotification
      • UpdateLayeredWindow
      • UpdateWindow
      • ValidateRgn
      • WaitMessage
      • WidenPath
      • WindowFromDC
      • WindowFromPoint
      • _TrackMouseEvent
      • set_logger
    • win32help
      • HHNTRACK
      • HHN_NOTIFY
      • HH_AKLINK
      • HH_FTS_QUERY
      • HH_POPUP
      • HH_WINTYPE
      • HtmlHelp
      • NMHDR
      • WinHelp
    • win32inet
      • CommitUrlCacheEntry
      • CreateUrlCacheEntry
      • CreateUrlCacheGroup
      • DeleteUrlCacheEntry
      • DeleteUrlCacheGroup
      • FindCloseUrlCache
      • FindFirstUrlCacheEntry
      • FindFirstUrlCacheEntryEx
      • FindFirstUrlCacheGroup
      • FindNextUrlCacheEntry
      • FindNextUrlCacheEntryEx
      • FindNextUrlCacheGroup
      • FtpCommand
      • FtpOpenFile
      • GetUrlCacheEntryInfo
      • GetUrlCacheGroupAttribute
      • InternetAttemptConnect
      • InternetCanonicalizeUrl
      • InternetCheckConnection
      • InternetCloseHandle
      • InternetConnect
      • InternetGetCookie
      • InternetGetLastResponseInfo
      • InternetGoOnline
      • InternetOpen
      • InternetOpenUrl
      • InternetQueryOption
      • InternetReadFile
      • InternetSetCookie
      • InternetSetOption
      • InternetWriteFile
      • SetUrlCacheEntryGroup
      • SetUrlCacheGroupAttribute
    • win32job
      • AssignProcessToJobObject
      • CreateJobObject
      • IsProcessInJob
      • OpenJobObject
      • QueryInformationJobObject
      • SetInformationJobObject
      • TerminateJobObject
      • UserHandleGrantAccess
    • win32lz
      • Close
      • Copy
      • GetExpandedName
      • Init
      • OpenFile
    • win32net
      • NetFileClose
      • NetFileEnum
      • NetFileGetInfo
      • NetGetAnyDCName
      • NetGetDCName
      • NetGetJoinInformation
      • NetGroupAdd
      • NetGroupAdd
      • NetGroupAddUser
      • NetGroupDel
      • NetGroupDel
      • NetGroupDelUser
      • NetGroupEnum
      • NetGroupEnum
      • NetGroupGetInfo
      • NetGroupGetInfo
      • NetGroupGetUsers
      • NetGroupSetInfo
      • NetGroupSetInfo
      • NetGroupSetUsers
      • NetLocalGroupAddMembers
      • NetLocalGroupDelMembers
      • NetLocalGroupGetMembers
      • NetLocalGroupSetMembers
      • NetMessageBufferSend
      • NetMessageNameAdd
      • NetMessageNameDel
      • NetMessageNameEnum
      • NetServerComputerNameAdd
      • NetServerComputerNameDel
      • NetServerDiskEnum
      • NetServerEnum
      • NetServerGetInfo
      • NetServerSetInfo
      • NetSessionDel
      • NetSessionEnum
      • NetSessionGetInfo
      • NetShareAdd
      • NetShareCheck
      • NetShareDel
      • NetShareEnum
      • NetShareGetInfo
      • NetShareSetInfo
      • NetStatisticsGet
      • NetUseAdd
      • NetUseDel
      • NetUseEnum
      • NetUseGetInfo
      • NetUserAdd
      • NetUserChangePassword
      • NetUserDel
      • NetUserEnum
      • NetUserGetGroups
      • NetUserGetInfo
      • NetUserGetLocalGroups
      • NetUserModalsGet
      • NetUserModalsSet
      • NetUserSetInfo
      • NetValidateName
      • NetValidatePasswordPolicy
      • NetWkstaGetInfo
      • NetWkstaSetInfo
      • NetWkstaTransportAdd
      • NetWkstaTransportDel
      • NetWkstaTransportEnum
      • NetWkstaUserEnum
    • win32pdh
      • AddCounter
      • BrowseCounters
      • CloseQuery
      • CollectQueryData
      • ConnectMachine
      • EnumObjectItems
      • EnumObjects
      • ExpandCounterPath
      • GetCounterInfo
      • GetFormattedCounterValue
      • LookupPerfIndexByName
      • LookupPerfNameByIndex
      • MakeCounterPath
      • OpenQuery
      • ParseCounterPath
      • ParseInstanceName
      • RemoveCounter
      • SetCounterScaleFactor
      • ValidatePath
    • win32pipe
      • CallNamedPipe
      • ConnectNamedPipe
      • CreateNamedPipe
      • CreatePipe
      • DisconnectNamedPipe
      • FdCreatePipe
      • GetNamedPipeClientProcessId
      • GetNamedPipeClientSessionId
      • GetNamedPipeHandleState
      • GetNamedPipeInfo
      • GetNamedPipeServerProcessId
      • GetNamedPipeServerSessionId
      • GetOverlappedResult
      • PeekNamedPipe
      • SetNamedPipeHandleState
      • TransactNamedPipe
      • WaitNamedPipe
      • popen
      • popen2
      • popen3
      • popen4
    • win32print
      • AbortDoc
      • AbortPrinter
      • AddForm
      • AddJob
      • AddPrinter
      • AddPrinterConnection
      • ClosePrinter
      • DeleteForm
      • DeletePrinter
      • DeletePrinterConnection
      • DeletePrinterDriver
      • DeletePrinterDriverEx
      • DeviceCapabilities
      • DocumentProperties
      • EndDoc
      • EndDocPrinter
      • EndPage
      • EndPagePrinter
      • EnumForms
      • EnumJobs
      • EnumMonitors
      • EnumPorts
      • EnumPrintProcessorDatatypes
      • EnumPrintProcessors
      • EnumPrinterDrivers
      • EnumPrinters
      • FlushPrinter
      • GetDefaultPrinter
      • GetDefaultPrinterW
      • GetDeviceCaps
      • GetForm
      • GetJob
      • GetPrintProcessorDirectory
      • GetPrinter
      • GetPrinterDriverDirectory
      • OpenPrinter
      • ScheduleJob
      • SetDefaultPrinter
      • SetDefaultPrinterW
      • SetForm
      • SetJob
      • SetPrinter
      • StartDoc
      • StartDocPrinter
      • StartPage
      • StartPagePrinter
      • WritePrinter
    • win32process
      • AttachThreadInput
      • CreateProcess
      • CreateProcessAsUser
      • CreateRemoteThread
      • EnumProcessModules
      • EnumProcesses
      • ExitProcess
      • GetCurrentProcess
      • GetCurrentProcessId
      • GetExitCodeProcess
      • GetExitCodeThread
      • GetGuiResources
      • GetModuleFileNameEx
      • GetPriorityClass
      • GetProcessAffinityMask
      • GetProcessId
      • GetProcessIoCounters
      • GetProcessMemoryInfo
      • GetProcessPriorityBoost
      • GetProcessShutdownParameters
      • GetProcessTimes
      • GetProcessVersion
      • GetProcessWindowStation
      • GetProcessWorkingSetSize
      • GetStartupInfo
      • GetThreadIOPendingFlag
      • GetThreadPriority
      • GetThreadPriorityBoost
      • GetThreadTimes
      • GetWindowThreadProcessId
      • IsWow64Process
      • ResumeThread
      • STARTUPINFO
      • SetPriorityClass
      • SetProcessAffinityMask
      • SetProcessPriorityBoost
      • SetProcessShutdownParameters
      • SetProcessWorkingSetSize
      • SetThreadAffinityMask
      • SetThreadIdealProcessor
      • SetThreadPriority
      • SetThreadPriorityBoost
      • SuspendThread
      • TerminateProcess
      • beginthreadex
    • win32profile
      • CreateEnvironmentBlock
      • DeleteProfile
      • ExpandEnvironmentStringsForUser
      • GetAllUsersProfileDirectory
      • GetDefaultUserProfileDirectory
      • GetEnvironmentStrings
      • GetProfileType
      • GetProfilesDirectory
      • GetUserProfileDirectory
      • LoadUserProfile
      • UnloadUserProfile
    • win32ras
      • CreatePhonebookEntry
      • Dial
      • EditPhonebookEntry
      • EnumConnections
      • EnumEntries
      • GetConnectStatus
      • GetEntryDialParams
      • GetErrorString
      • HangUp
      • IsHandleValid
      • SetEntryDialParams
    • win32security
      • ACL
      • AcceptSecurityContext
      • AcquireCredentialsHandle
      • AdjustTokenGroups
      • AdjustTokenPrivileges
      • AllocateLocallyUniqueId
      • CheckTokenMembership
      • ConvertSecurityDescriptorToStringSecurityDescriptor
      • ConvertSidToStringSid
      • ConvertStringSecurityDescriptorToSecurityDescriptor
      • ConvertStringSidToSid
      • CreateRestrictedToken
      • CreateWellKnownSid
      • CryptEnumProviders
      • DsBind
      • DsCrackNames
      • DsGetDcName
      • DsGetSpn
      • DsListDomainsInSite
      • DsListInfoForServer
      • DsListRoles
      • DsListServersInSite
      • DsListServersInSite
      • DsListServersInSite
      • DsUnBind
      • DsWriteAccountSpn
      • DuplicateToken
      • DuplicateTokenEx
      • EnumerateSecurityPackages
      • GetBinarySid
      • GetFileSecurity
      • GetKernelObjectSecurity
      • GetNamedSecurityInfo
      • GetSecurityInfo
      • GetTokenInformation
      • GetUserObjectSecurity
      • ImpersonateAnonymousToken
      • ImpersonateLoggedOnUser
      • ImpersonateNamedPipeClient
      • ImpersonateSelf
      • InitializeSecurityContext
      • IsTokenRestricted
      • LogonUser
      • LogonUserEx
      • LookupAccountName
      • LookupAccountSid
      • LookupPrivilegeDisplayName
      • LookupPrivilegeName
      • LookupPrivilegeValue
      • LsaAddAccountRights
      • LsaCallAuthenticationPackage
      • LsaClose
      • LsaConnectUntrusted
      • LsaDeregisterLogonProcess
      • LsaEnumerateAccountRights
      • LsaEnumerateAccountsWithUserRight
      • LsaEnumerateLogonSessions
      • LsaGetLogonSessionData
      • LsaLookupAuthenticationPackage
      • LsaOpenPolicy
      • LsaQueryInformationPolicy
      • LsaRegisterLogonProcess
      • LsaRegisterPolicyChangeNotification
      • LsaRemoveAccountRights
      • LsaRetrievePrivateData
      • LsaSetInformationPolicy
      • LsaStorePrivateData
      • LsaUnregisterPolicyChangeNotification
      • MapGenericMask
      • OpenProcessToken
      • OpenThreadToken
      • QuerySecurityPackageInfo
      • RevertToSelf
      • SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES
      • SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR
      • SID
      • SetFileSecurity
      • SetKernelObjectSecurity
      • SetNamedSecurityInfo
      • SetSecurityInfo
      • SetThreadToken
      • SetTokenInformation
      • SetUserObjectSecurity
      • TranslateName
    • win32service
      • ChangeServiceConfig
      • ChangeServiceConfig2
      • CloseServiceHandle
      • ControlService
      • CreateDesktop
      • CreateService
      • CreateWindowStation
      • DeleteService
      • EnumDependentServices
      • EnumServicesStatus
      • EnumWindowStations
      • GetProcessWindowStation
      • GetServiceDisplayName
      • GetServiceKeyName
      • GetThreadDesktop
      • GetUserObjectInformation
      • LockServiceDatabase
      • OpenDesktop
      • OpenInputDesktop
      • OpenSCManager
      • OpenService
      • OpenWindowStation
      • QueryServiceConfig
      • QueryServiceConfig2
      • QueryServiceLockStatus
      • QueryServiceObjectSecurity
      • QueryServiceStatus
      • QueryServiceStatusEx
      • SetServiceObjectSecurity
      • SetServiceStatus
      • SetUserObjectInformation
      • StartService
      • UnlockServiceDatabase
    • win32transaction
      • CommitTransaction
      • CommitTransactionAsync
      • CreateTransaction
      • GetTransactionId
      • OpenTransaction
      • RollbackTransaction
      • RollbackTransactionAsync
    • win32ts
      • ProcessIdToSessionId
      • WTSCloseServer
      • WTSDisconnectSession
      • WTSEnumerateProcesses
      • WTSEnumerateServers
      • WTSEnumerateSessions
      • WTSGetActiveConsoleSessionId
      • WTSLogoffSession
      • WTSOpenServer
      • WTSQuerySessionInformation
      • WTSQueryUserConfig
      • WTSQueryUserToken
      • WTSRegisterSessionNotification
      • WTSSendMessage
      • WTSSetUserConfig
      • WTSShutdownSystem
      • WTSTerminateProcess
      • WTSUnRegisterSessionNotification
      • WTSWaitSystemEvent
    • win32wnet
      • NCB
      • NCBBuffer
      • NETRESOURCE
      • Netbios
      • WNetAddConnection2
      • WNetCancelConnection2
      • WNetCloseEnum
      • WNetEnumResource
      • WNetGetLastError
      • WNetGetResourceInformation
      • WNetGetResourceParent
      • WNetGetUniversalName
      • WNetGetUser
      • WNetOpenEnum
    • wincerapi
      • CeCheckPassword
      • CeCopyFile
      • CeCreateDirectory
      • CeCreateFile
      • CeDeleteFile
      • CeGetDesktopDeviceCaps
      • CeGetFileAttributes
      • CeGetFileSize
      • CeGetSpecialFolderPath
      • CeGetStoreInformation
      • CeGetSystemInfo
      • CeGetSystemMetrics
      • CeGetSystemPowerStatusEx
      • CeGetTempPath
      • CeGetVersionEx
      • CeGlobalMemoryStatus
      • CeMoveFile
      • CeRapiInit
      • CeRapiInitEx
      • CeRapiUninit
      • CeReadFile
      • CeRemoveDirectory
      • CeSHCreateShortcut
      • CeSHGetShortcutTarget
      • CeSetFileAttributes
      • CreateProcess
      • FindFiles
      • WriteFile
  • Objects
    • COMMTIMEOUTS
    • CopyProgressRoutine
    • DOCINFO
    • Dialog Header Tuple
    • Dialog Item Tuple
    • ExportCallback
    • FORM_INFO_1
    • ImportCallback
    • LARGE_INTEGER
    • NCB
    • NETRESOURCE
    • PRINTER_DEFAULTS
    • PyACL
    • PyBITMAP
    • PyBLENDFUNCTION
    • PyCEHANDLE
    • PyCOMSTAT
    • PyCOORD
    • PyCREDENTIAL
    • PyCREDENTIAL_ATTRIBUTE
    • PyCREDENTIAL_TARGET_INFORMATION
    • PyCREDUI_INFO
    • PyCRYPTPROTECT_PROMPTSTRUCT
    • PyConsoleScreenBuffer
    • PyCredHandle
    • PyCtxtHandle
    • PyDCB
    • PyDEVMODE
    • PyDEVMODEW
    • PyDISPLAY_DEVICE
    • PyDS_HANDLE
    • PyDS_NAME_RESULT_ITEM
    • PyEventLogRecord
    • PyGROUP_INFO_*
    • PyGROUP_INFO_0
    • PyGROUP_INFO_1
    • PyGROUP_INFO_1002
    • PyGROUP_INFO_1005
    • PyGROUP_INFO_2
    • PyGROUP_USERS_INFO_*
    • PyGROUP_USERS_INFO_0
    • PyGROUP_USERS_INFO_1
    • PyGdiHANDLE
    • PyHANDLE
    • PyHDESK
    • PyHDEVNOTIFY
    • PyHHNTRACK
    • PyHHN_NOTIFY
    • PyHH_AKLINK
    • PyHH_FTS_QUERY
    • PyHH_POPUP
    • PyHH_WINTYPE
    • PyHINTERNET
    • PyHKEY
    • PyHTHEME
    • PyHWINSTA
    • PyICONINFO
    • PyIID
    • PyINPUT_RECORD
    • PyLOCALGROUP_INFO_*
    • PyLOCALGROUP_INFO_0
    • PyLOCALGROUP_INFO_1
    • PyLOCALGROUP_INFO_1002
    • PyLOCALGROUP_MEMBERS_INFO_*
    • PyLOCALGROUP_MEMBERS_INFO_0
    • PyLOCALGROUP_MEMBERS_INFO_1
    • PyLOCALGROUP_MEMBERS_INFO_2
    • PyLOCALGROUP_MEMBERS_INFO_3
    • PyLOGBRUSH
    • PyLOGFONT
    • PyLSA_HANDLE
    • PyLUID_AND_ATTRIBUTES
    • PyLsaLogon_HANDLE
    • PyNET_VALIDATE_AUTHENTICATION_INPUT_ARG
    • PyNET_VALIDATE_PASSWORD_CHANGE_INPUT_ARG
    • PyNET_VALIDATE_PERSISTED_FIELDS
    • PyNMHDR
    • PyNOTIFYICONDATA
    • PyOVERLAPPED
    • PyOVERLAPPEDReadBuffer
    • PyPERF_COUNTER_DEFINITION
    • PyPERF_OBJECT_TYPE
    • PyPOINT
    • PyPROFILEINFO
    • PyPerfMonManager
    • PyPrinterHANDLE
    • PyRECT
    • PyResourceId
    • PySCROLLINFO
    • PySC_HANDLE
    • PySECURITY_ATTRIBUTES
    • PySECURITY_DESCRIPTOR
    • PySERVER_INFO_*
    • PySERVER_INFO_100
    • PySERVER_INFO_101
    • PySERVER_INFO_102
    • PySERVER_INFO_402
    • PySERVER_INFO_403
    • PySERVER_INFO_502
    • PySERVER_INFO_503
    • PySHARE_INFO_*
    • PySHARE_INFO_0
    • PySHARE_INFO_1
    • PySHARE_INFO_2
    • PySHARE_INFO_501
    • PySHARE_INFO_502
    • PySID
    • PySID_AND_ATTRIBUTES
    • PySIZE
    • PySMALL_RECT
    • PySTARTUPINFO
    • PySecBuffer
    • PySecBufferDesc
    • PyTOKEN_GROUPS
    • PyTOKEN_PRIVILEGES
    • PyTRIVERTEX
    • PyTRUSTEE
    • PyTS_HANDLE
    • PyTime
    • PyUSER_INFO_*
    • PyUSER_INFO_0
    • PyUSER_INFO_1
    • PyUSER_INFO_10
    • PyUSER_INFO_1003
    • PyUSER_INFO_1005
    • PyUSER_INFO_1006
    • PyUSER_INFO_1007
    • PyUSER_INFO_1008
    • PyUSER_INFO_1009
    • PyUSER_INFO_1010
    • PyUSER_INFO_1011
    • PyUSER_INFO_11
    • PyUSER_INFO_2
    • PyUSER_INFO_20
    • PyUSER_INFO_3
    • PyUSER_INFO_4
    • PyUSER_MODALS_INFO_*
    • PyUSER_MODALS_INFO_0
    • PyUSER_MODALS_INFO_1
    • PyUSER_MODALS_INFO_2
    • PyUSER_MODALS_INFO_3
    • PyUSE_INFO_*
    • PyUSE_INFO_0
    • PyUSE_INFO_1
    • PyUSE_INFO_2
    • PyUSE_INFO_3
    • PyUnicode
    • PyUrlCacheHANDLE
    • PyWAVEFORMATEX
    • PyWKSTA_INFO_*
    • PyWKSTA_INFO_100
    • PyWKSTA_INFO_101
    • PyWKSTA_INFO_102
    • PyWKSTA_INFO_302
    • PyWKSTA_INFO_402
    • PyWKSTA_INFO_502
    • PyWKSTA_TRANSPORT_INFO_*
    • PyWKSTA_TRANSPORT_INFO_0
    • PyWKSTA_USER_INFO_*
    • PyWKSTA_USER_INFO_0
    • PyWKSTA_USER_INFO_1
    • PyWNDCLASS
    • PyXFORM
    • Pymmapfile
    • RASDIALEXTENSIONS
    • RASDIALPARAMS
    • SC_ACTION
    • SERVICE_FAILURE_ACTIONS
    • SERVICE_STATUS
    • TRACKMOUSEEVENT
    • ULARGE_INTEGER
    • WIN32_FIND_DATA
    • WINHTTP_AUTOPROXY_OPTIONS
    • connection
    • cursor
  • Constants
    • ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS
    • ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE
    • ACCESS_ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE_TYPE
    • ACCESS_DENIED_ACE_TYPE
    • ACCESS_DENIED_OBJECT_ACE_TYPE
    • ACL_REVISION
    • ACL_REVISION_DS
    • AuditCategoryAccountLogon
    • AuditCategoryAccountManagement
    • AuditCategoryDetailedTracking
    • AuditCategoryDirectoryServiceAccess
    • AuditCategoryLogon
    • AuditCategoryObjectAccess
    • AuditCategoryPolicyChange
    • AuditCategoryPrivilegeUse
    • AuditCategorySystem
    • BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS
    • CALLBACK_CHUNK_FINISHED
    • CALLBACK_STREAM_SWITCH
    • CBR_110
    • CBR_115200
    • CBR_1200
    • CBR_128000
    • CBR_14400
    • CBR_19200
    • CBR_2400
    • CBR_256000
    • CBR_300
    • CBR_38400
    • CBR_4800
    • CBR_56000
    • CBR_57600
    • CBR_600
    • CBR_9600
    • CLRBREAK
    • CLRDTR
    • CLRRTS
    • CLR_NONE
    • CONTAINER_INHERIT_ACE
    • COPY_FILE_ALLOW_DECRYPTED_DESTINATION
    • COPY_FILE_COPY_SYMLINK
    • COPY_FILE_FAIL_IF_EXISTS
    • COPY_FILE_OPEN_SOURCE_FOR_WRITE
    • COPY_FILE_RESTARTABLE
    • CREATE_ALWAYS
    • CREATE_BREAKAWAY_FROM_JOB
    • CREATE_DEFAULT_ERROR_MODE
    • CREATE_FOR_DIR
    • CREATE_FOR_IMPORT
    • CREATE_NEW
    • CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE
    • CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP
    • CREATE_NO_WINDOW
    • CREATE_PRESERVE_CODE_AUTHZ_LEVEL
    • CREATE_SEPARATE_WOW_VDM
    • CREATE_SHARED_WOW_VDM
    • CREATE_SUSPENDED
    • CREATE_UNICODE_ENVIRONMENT
    • CSIDL_BITBUCKET
    • CSIDL_COMMON_DESKTOPDIRECTORY
    • CSIDL_COMMON_PROGRAMS
    • CSIDL_COMMON_STARTMENU
    • CSIDL_COMMON_STARTUP
    • CSIDL_CONTROLS
    • CSIDL_DESKTOP
    • CSIDL_DESKTOPDIRECTORY
    • CSIDL_DRIVES
    • CSIDL_FONTS
    • CSIDL_NETHOOD
    • CSIDL_NETWORK
    • CSIDL_PERSONAL
    • CSIDL_PRINTERS
    • CSIDL_PROGRAMS
    • CSIDL_RECENT
    • CSIDL_SENDTO
    • CSIDL_STARTMENU
    • CSIDL_STARTUP
    • CSIDL_TEMPLATES
    • DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION
    • DBT_CONFIGCHANGECANCELED
    • DBT_CONFIGCHANGED
    • DBT_CUSTOMEVENT
    • DBT_DEVICEARRIVAL
    • DBT_DEVICEQUERYREMOVE
    • DBT_DEVICEQUERYREMOVEFAILED
    • DBT_DEVICEREMOVECOMPLETE
    • DBT_DEVICEREMOVEPENDING
    • DBT_DEVICETYPESPECIFIC
    • DBT_QUERYCHANGECONFIG
    • DEBUG_ONLY_THIS_PROCESS
    • DEBUG_PROCESS
    • DENY_ACCESS
    • DETACHED_PROCESS
    • DF_ALLOWOTHERACCOUNTHOOK
    • DISABLE_MAX_PRIVILEGE
    • DRIVE_CDROM
    • DRIVE_FIXED
    • DRIVE_NO_ROOT_DIR
    • DRIVE_RAMDISK
    • DRIVE_REMOTE
    • DRIVE_REMOVABLE
    • DRIVE_UNKNOWN
    • DS_SPN_ADD_SPN_OP
    • DS_SPN_DELETE_SPN_OP
    • DS_SPN_DNS_HOST
    • DS_SPN_DN_HOST
    • DS_SPN_DOMAIN
    • DS_SPN_NB_DOMAIN
    • DS_SPN_NB_HOST
    • DS_SPN_REPLACE_SPN_OP
    • DS_SPN_SERVICE
    • DTR_CONTROL_DISABLE
    • DTR_CONTROL_ENABLE
    • DTR_CONTROL_HANDSHAKE
    • ETDT_DISABLE
    • ETDT_ENABLE
    • ETDT_ENABLETAB
    • ETDT_USETABTEXTURE
    • EVENPARITY
    • EVENTLOG_AUDIT_FAILURE
    • EVENTLOG_AUDIT_SUCCESS
    • EVENTLOG_BACKWARDS_READ
    • EVENTLOG_END_ALL_PAIRED_EVENTS
    • EVENTLOG_END_PAIRED_EVENT
    • EVENTLOG_ERROR_TYPE
    • EVENTLOG_FORWARDS_READ
    • EVENTLOG_INFORMATION_TYPE
    • EVENTLOG_PAIRED_EVENT_ACTIVE
    • EVENTLOG_PAIRED_EVENT_INACTIVE
    • EVENTLOG_SEEK_READ
    • EVENTLOG_SEQUENTIAL_READ
    • EVENTLOG_START_PAIRED_EVENT
    • EVENTLOG_SUCCESS
    • EVENTLOG_WARNING_TYPE
    • EVENT_ALL_ACCESS
    • EVENT_MODIFY_STATE
    • EV_BREAK
    • EV_CTS
    • EV_DSR
    • EV_ERR
    • EV_RING
    • EV_RLSD
    • EV_RXCHAR
    • EV_RXFLAG
    • EV_TXEMPTY
    • FAILED_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG
    • FD_ACCEPT
    • FD_ADDRESS_LIST_CHANGE
    • FD_CLOSE
    • FD_CONNECT
    • FD_GROUP_QOS
    • FD_OOB
    • FD_QOS
    • FD_READ
    • FD_ROUTING_INTERFACE_CHANGE
    • FD_WRITE
    • FILE_ALL_ACCESS
    • FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARCHIVE
    • FILE_ATTRIBUTE_COMPRESSED
    • FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY
    • FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN
    • FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL
    • FILE_ATTRIBUTE_OFFLINE
    • FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY
    • FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEM
    • FILE_ATTRIBUTE_TEMPORARY
    • FILE_BEGIN
    • FILE_CURRENT
    • FILE_ENCRYPTABLE
    • FILE_END
    • FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS
    • FILE_FLAG_DELETE_ON_CLOSE
    • FILE_FLAG_NO_BUFFERING
    • FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT
    • FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED
    • FILE_FLAG_POSIX_SEMANTICS
    • FILE_FLAG_RANDOM_ACCESS
    • FILE_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL_SCAN
    • FILE_FLAG_WRITE_THROUGH
    • FILE_GENERIC_READ
    • FILE_GENERIC_WRITE
    • FILE_IS_ENCRYPTED
    • FILE_READ_ONLY
    • FILE_ROOT_DIR
    • FILE_SHARE_DELETE
    • FILE_SHARE_READ
    • FILE_SHARE_WRITE
    • FILE_SYSTEM_ATTR
    • FILE_SYSTEM_DIR
    • FILE_SYSTEM_NOT_SUPPORT
    • FILE_TYPE_CHAR
    • FILE_TYPE_DISK
    • FILE_TYPE_PIPE
    • FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN
    • FILE_UNKNOWN
    • FILE_USER_DISALLOWED
    • GENERIC_EXECUTE
    • GENERIC_READ
    • GENERIC_WRITE
    • GRANT_ACCESS
    • GROUP_SECURITY_INFORMATION
    • GetFileExInfoStandard
    • HHACT_BACK
    • HHACT_CONTRACT
    • HHACT_CUSTOMIZE
    • HHACT_EXPAND
    • HHACT_FORWARD
    • HHACT_HIGHLIGHT
    • HHACT_HOME
    • HHACT_JUMP1
    • HHACT_JUMP2
    • HHACT_LAST_ENUM
    • HHACT_NOTES
    • HHACT_OPTIONS
    • HHACT_PRINT
    • HHACT_REFRESH
    • HHACT_STOP
    • HHACT_SYNC
    • HHACT_TAB_CONTENTS
    • HHACT_TAB_FAVORITES
    • HHACT_TAB_HISTORY
    • HHACT_TAB_INDEX
    • HHACT_TAB_SEARCH
    • HHACT_TOC_NEXT
    • HHACT_TOC_PREV
    • HHACT_ZOOM
    • HHN_FIRST
    • HHN_LAST
    • HHN_NAVCOMPLETE
    • HHN_TRACK
    • HHN_WINDOW_CREATE
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_BACK
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_BROWSE_BCK
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_BROWSE_FWD
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_CONTENTS
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_EXPAND
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_FAVORITES
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_FORWARD
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_HISTORY
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_HOME
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_INDEX
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_JUMP1
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_JUMP2
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_NOTES
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_OPTIONS
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_PRINT
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_REFRESH
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_SEARCH
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_STOP
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_SYNC
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_TOC_NEXT
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_TOC_PREV
    • HHWIN_BUTTON_ZOOM
    • HHWIN_DEF_BUTTONS
    • HHWIN_NAVTAB_BOTTOM
    • HHWIN_NAVTAB_LEFT
    • HHWIN_NAVTAB_TOP
    • HHWIN_PARAM_CUR_TAB
    • HHWIN_PARAM_EXPANSION
    • HHWIN_PARAM_EXSTYLES
    • HHWIN_PARAM_HISTORY_COUNT
    • HHWIN_PARAM_INFOTYPES
    • HHWIN_PARAM_NAV_WIDTH
    • HHWIN_PARAM_PROPERTIES
    • HHWIN_PARAM_RECT
    • HHWIN_PARAM_SHOWSTATE
    • HHWIN_PARAM_STYLES
    • HHWIN_PARAM_TABORDER
    • HHWIN_PARAM_TABPOS
    • HHWIN_PARAM_TB_FLAGS
    • HHWIN_PROP_AUTO_SYNC
    • HHWIN_PROP_CHANGE_TITLE
    • HHWIN_PROP_MENU
    • HHWIN_PROP_NAV_ONLY_WIN
    • HHWIN_PROP_NODEF_EXSTYLES
    • HHWIN_PROP_NODEF_STYLES
    • HHWIN_PROP_NOTB_TEXT
    • HHWIN_PROP_NOTITLEBAR
    • HHWIN_PROP_NO_TOOLBAR
    • HHWIN_PROP_ONTOP
    • HHWIN_PROP_POST_QUIT
    • HHWIN_PROP_TAB_ADVSEARCH
    • HHWIN_PROP_TAB_AUTOHIDESHOW
    • HHWIN_PROP_TAB_CUSTOM1
    • HHWIN_PROP_TAB_CUSTOM2
    • HHWIN_PROP_TAB_CUSTOM3
    • HHWIN_PROP_TAB_CUSTOM4
    • HHWIN_PROP_TAB_CUSTOM5
    • HHWIN_PROP_TAB_CUSTOM6
    • HHWIN_PROP_TAB_CUSTOM7
    • HHWIN_PROP_TAB_CUSTOM8
    • HHWIN_PROP_TAB_CUSTOM9
    • HHWIN_PROP_TAB_FAVORITES
    • HHWIN_PROP_TAB_HISTORY
    • HHWIN_PROP_TAB_SEARCH
    • HHWIN_PROP_TRACKING
    • HHWIN_PROP_TRI_PANE
    • HHWIN_PROP_USER_POS
    • HHWIN_TB_MARGIN
    • HH_ALINK_LOOKUP
    • HH_CLOSE_ALL
    • HH_DISPLAY_INDEX
    • HH_DISPLAY_SEARCH
    • HH_DISPLAY_TEXT_POPUP
    • HH_DISPLAY_TOC
    • HH_DISPLAY_TOPIC
    • HH_ENUM_CATEGORY
    • HH_ENUM_CATEGORY_IT
    • HH_ENUM_INFO_TYPE
    • HH_FTS_DEFAULT_PROXIMITY
    • HH_GET_LAST_ERROR
    • HH_GET_WIN_HANDLE
    • HH_GET_WIN_TYPE
    • HH_GPROPID_CONTENT_LANGUAGE
    • HH_GPROPID_CURRENT_SUBSET
    • HH_GPROPID_SINGLETHREAD
    • HH_GPROPID_TOOLBAR_MARGIN
    • HH_GPROPID_UI_LANGUAGE
    • HH_HELP_CONTEXT
    • HH_HELP_FINDER
    • HH_INITIALIZE
    • HH_KEYWORD_LOOKUP
    • HH_MAX_TABS_CUSTOM
    • HH_PRETRANSLATEMESSAGE
    • HH_RESERVED1
    • HH_RESERVED2
    • HH_RESERVED3
    • HH_RESET_IT_FILTER
    • HH_SET_EXCLUSIVE_FILTER
    • HH_SET_GLOBAL_PROPERTY
    • HH_SET_INCLUSIVE_FILTER
    • HH_SET_INFO_TYPE
    • HH_SET_WIN_TYPE
    • HH_SYNC
    • HH_TAB_AUTHOR
    • HH_TAB_CONTENTS
    • HH_TAB_CUSTOM_FIRST